{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:39:54Z","timestamp":1777163994891,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]],"date-time":"2020-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine sponges are excellent examples of invertebrate\u2013microbe symbioses. In this holobiont, the partnership has elegantly evolved by either transmitting key microbial associates through the host germline and\/or capturing microorganisms from the surrounding seawater. We report here on the prokaryotic microbiota during different developmental stages of Plakina cyanorosea and their surrounding environmental samples by a 16S rRNA metabarcoding approach. In comparison with their source adults, larvae housed slightly richer and more diverse microbial communities, which are structurally more related to the environmental microbiota. In addition to the thaumarchaeal Nitrosopumilus, parental sponges were broadly dominated by Alpha- and Gamma-proteobacteria, while the offspring were particularly enriched in the Vibrionales, Alteromonodales, Enterobacterales orders and the Clostridia and Bacteroidia classes. An enterobacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was the dominant member of the strict core microbiota. The most abundant and unique OTUs were not significantly enriched amongst the microbiomes from host specimens included in the sponge microbiome project. In a wider context, Oscarella and Plakina are the sponge genera with higher divergence in their associated microbiota compared to their Homoscleromorpha counterparts. Our results indicate that P. cyanorosea is a low microbial abundance sponge (LMA), which appears to heavily depend on the horizontal transmission of its microbial partners that likely help the sponge host in the adaptation to its habitat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T20:56:57Z","timestamp":1607893017000},"page":"1978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Not That Close to Mommy: Horizontal Transmission Seeds the Microbiome Associated with the Marine Sponge Plakina cyanorosea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6029-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno F. R.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bacteriologia Molecular e Marinha, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 Y960 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle R.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bacteriologia Molecular e Marinha, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0572-9293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna L. B.","family":"Canellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bacteriologia Molecular e Marinha, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Muricy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia de Porifera, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20940040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7713-5574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan D. W.","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 Y960 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5252-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marinella S.","family":"Laport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bacteriologia Molecular e Marinha, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, L.A. (2017). Evolving as a holobiont. PLoS Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2002168"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00123.x","article-title":"Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: The hologenome theory of evolution","volume":"32","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0457-9","article-title":"The hologenome concept of evolution after 10 years","volume":"6","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2262","article-title":"A complex journey: Transmission of microbial symbionts","volume":"8","author":"Bright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0619-4","article-title":"Host-microbiota interactions: From holobiont theory to analysis","volume":"7","author":"Simon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9572-5_2","article-title":"Genetics and evolution of deep-sea chemosynthetic bacteria and their invertebrate hosts","volume":"Volume 33","author":"Steffen","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Vent and Seep Biota"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100304108","article-title":"Evolutionary transitions in bacterial symbiosis","volume":"108","author":"Sachs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02099-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02099-15","article-title":"Holes in the hologenome: Why host-microbe symbioses are not holobionts","volume":"7","author":"Douglas","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555","article-title":"The epidemiology and evolution of symbionts with mixed-mode transmission","volume":"44","author":"Ebert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haag, K.L. (2018). Holobionts and their hologenomes: Evolution with mixed modes of inheritance. Genet. Mol., 41.","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0070"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00040-06","article-title":"Sponge-associated microorganisms: Evolution, ecology, and biotechnological potential","volume":"71","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0428-1","article-title":"The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: From microbes to ecosystems","volume":"6","author":"Pita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiz155","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz155","article-title":"Microbially mediated nutrient cycles in marine sponges","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394283-8.00002-3","article-title":"Sponge\u2013microbe symbioses: Recent advances and new directions","volume":"Volume 62","author":"Lesser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Marine Biology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, N.S., and Thomas, T. (2016). The sponge hologenome. mBio, 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00135-16"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.02065.x","article-title":"Deep sequencing reveals exceptional diversity and modes of transmission for bacterial sponge symbionts","volume":"12","author":"Webster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33545-1","article-title":"Showcasing the role of seawater in bacteria recruitment and microbiome stability in sponges","volume":"8","author":"Turon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiy055","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy055","article-title":"Structure and dynamics of microbiomes associated with the marine sponge Tedania sp. during its life cycle","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12739","article-title":"Ontogeny of symbiont community structure in two carotenoid-rich, viviparous marine sponges: Comparison of microbiomes and analysis of culturable pigmented heterotrophic bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Winkler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbial. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0935-x","article-title":"Vertical transmission of sponge microbiota is inconsistent and unfaithful","volume":"3","author":"Archie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.9.4431-4440.2002","article-title":"Molecular evidence for a uniform microbial community in sponges from different oceans","volume":"68","author":"Hentschel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbial."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.111","article-title":"\u2018Sponge-specific\u2019 bacteria are widespread (but rare) in diverse marine environments","volume":"7","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12365","article-title":"Specificity and transcriptional activity of microbiota associated with low and high microbial abundance sponges from the Red Sea","volume":"23","author":"Bayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7694","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00878-08","article-title":"Molecular microbial diversity survey of sponge reproductive stages and mechanistic insights into vertical transmission of microbial symbionts","volume":"74","author":"Schmitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.116","article-title":"Assessing the complex sponge microbiota: Core, variable and species-specific bacterial communities in marine sponges","volume":"6","author":"Schmitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12827","article-title":"Similar sponge-associated bacteria can be acquired via both vertical and horizontal transmission","volume":"17","author":"Sipkema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00228","article-title":"Ontogenetic changes in the bacterial symbiont community of the tropical demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica: Metamorphosis is a new beginning","volume":"3","author":"Fieth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazave, E., Lape\u2019bie, P., Renard, E., Vacelet, J., and Rocher, C. (2010). Molecular Phylogeny Restores the Supra-Generic Subdivision of Homoscleromorph Sponges (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha). PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014290"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-011-0842-x","article-title":"No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorph sponges revisited by molecular phylogeny, Linnaean classification and the PhyloCode","volume":"687","author":"Gazave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"8","article-title":"Phylum Homoscleromorpha","volume":"Volume 53","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renard, E., Gazave, E., Fierro-Constain, L., Schenkelaars, Q., Ereskovsky, A., Vacelet, J., and Borchiellini, C. (2013). Porifera (sponges): Recent knowledge and new perspectives. eLS.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0001582.pub2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24176","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24176","article-title":"Collagen IV and basement membrane at the evolutionary dawn of metazoan tissues","volume":"6","author":"Fidler","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4715-9","article-title":"New genomic data and analyses challenge the traditional vision of animal epithelium evolution","volume":"19","author":"Belahbib","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"285","article-title":"Five new species of Homoscleromorpha (Porifera) from the Caribbean Sea and re-description of Plakina Jamaicensis","volume":"94","author":"Ereskovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/ict042","article-title":"The integrative taxonomic approach applied to Porifera: A case study of the Homoscleromorpha","volume":"53","author":"Lavrov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Gerovasileiou, V., and Voultsiadou, E. (2013). Marine caves in the Mediterranean Sea (No. RefW-14-59632). AUTh."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"van Soest, R.W.M., Boury-Esnault, N., and Hooper, J.N.A. (2020, November 25). World Porifera Database. Available online: http:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/porifera\/porifera.php?p=stats."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"707","article-title":"Descriptions of new sponge species and genus, including aspiculate Plakinidae, overturn the Homoscleromorpha classification","volume":"179","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linnean Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4729.1.6","article-title":"New cave-dwelling Plakina (Plakinidae, Homoscleromorpha, Porifera) from Martinique Island (French Antilles)","volume":"4729","author":"Grenier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-018-0847-z","article-title":"Taxonomy of Plakina (Porifera: Homoscleromorpha) from Aegean submarine caves, with descriptions of three new species and new characters for the genus","volume":"49","author":"Lage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/maec.12209","article-title":"Integrative taxonomic description of Plakina kanaky, a new polychromatic sponge species from New Caledonia (Porifera: Homoscleromorpha)","volume":"36","author":"Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4466.1.4","article-title":"New sciaphilic plakinids (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha) from the Central-Western Pacific","volume":"4466","author":"Lage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"187","article-title":"Spongivory by nudibranchs on the coast of Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil","volume":"38","author":"Belmonte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spixiana"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"379","article-title":"Overview of the biodiversity and distribution of the Class Homoscleromorpha in the Tropical Western Atlantic","volume":"96","author":"Domingos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mar."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"367","article-title":"Integrative taxonomy widens our knowledge of the diversity, distribution and biology of the genus Plakina (Homosclerophorida: Plakinidae)","volume":"33","author":"Muricy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invertebr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-016-0818-y","article-title":"Culturable bacterial communities associated to Brazilian Oscarella species (Porifera: Homoscleromorpha) and their antagonistic interactions","volume":"110","author":"Laport","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01684-x","article-title":"Paraclostridium is the main genus of anaerobic bacteria isolated from new species of the marine sponge Plakina in the Brazilian Southeast coast","volume":"76","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas-Silva, J., Silva-Oliveira, T., Muricy, G., and Laport, M.S. (2020). Bacillus strains associated to homoscleromorpha sponges are highly active against multidrug resistant bacteria. Curr. Microbiol., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01870-x"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiaa043","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa043","article-title":"Specialized microbiome of the cave-dwelling sponge Plakina kanaky (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha)","volume":"96","author":"Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"324","article-title":"Geographic differences in species boundaries among members of the Montastraea annularis complex based on molecular and morphological markers","volume":"58","author":"Fukami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107","article-title":"Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample","volume":"108","author":"Caporaso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01753","article-title":"Minor revision to V4 region SSU rRNA 806R gene primer greatly increases detection of SAR11 bacterioplankton","volume":"75","author":"Apprill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: Open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbial."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurdie, P.J., and Holmes, S. (2013). Phyloseq: An R Package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Lathi, L., Shetty, S., Blake, T., and Salojarvi, J. (2020, September 14). Microbiome R Package. Available online: http:\/\/microbiome.github.io."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D141","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn879","article-title":"The Ribosomal Database Project: Improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis","volume":"37","author":"Cole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Chao, A. (1984). Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. Scand. J. Stat., 265\u2013270."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"379","article-title":"A Mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"BSTJAN"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"9","article-title":"Past: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Electron."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., and Mcglinn, D. (2020, August 11). Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.5\u20131. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"gix077","article-title":"The sponge microbiome project","volume":"6","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4970","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4970","article-title":"Archaeal and bacterial diversity and community composition from 18 phylogenetically divergent sponge species in Vietnam","volume":"6","author":"Dat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peer J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02799","article-title":"Freshwater Sponge Tubella variabilis Presents Richer Microbiota Than Marine Sponge Species","volume":"10","author":"Laport","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11870","article-title":"Diversity, structure and convergent evolution of the global sponge microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of a multilocus-based approach for sponge (phylum Porifera) identification: Refinement and limitations","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00716","article-title":"Compositional and quantitative insights into bacterial and archaeal communities of South Pacific deep-sea sponges (Demospongiae and Hexactinellida)","volume":"11","author":"Steinert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.25","article-title":"Integrated metabolism in sponge\u2013microbe symbiosis revealed by genome-centered metatranscriptomics","volume":"11","author":"Batani","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14732","article-title":"Characterization of a thaumarchaeal symbiont that drives incomplete nitrification in the tropical sponge Ianthella Basta","volume":"21","author":"Moeller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01493-06","article-title":"Vertical transmission of diverse microbes in the tropical sponge Corticium Appl","volume":"73","author":"Sharp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01515.x","article-title":"Diversity and mode of transmission of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in marine sponges","volume":"10","author":"Steger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turon, M., and Uriz, M.J. (2020). New insights into the archaeal consortium of tropical sponges. Front. Mar. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00789"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00521-15","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00521-15","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of Vibrio sp. strain Vb278, an antagonistic bacterium isolated from the marine sponge Sarcotragus spinosulus","volume":"3","author":"Franco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00001-14","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00001-14","article-title":"Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudoalteromonas sp. Strain NW 4327 (MTCC 11073, DSM 25418), a Pathogen of the Great Barrier Reef Sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile","volume":"2","author":"Choudhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakai-Kawada, F.E., Yakym, C.J., Helmkampf, M., Hagiwara, K., Ip, C.G., Antonio, B.J., Armstrong, E., Ulloa, W.J., and Awaya, J.D. (2016). Draft genome sequence of marine sponge symbiont Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea IPB1, isolated from Hilo, Hawaii. Gen. Announc., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01002-16"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120709-142731","article-title":"Microbial extracellular enzymes and the marine carbon cycle","volume":"3","author":"Arnosti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnosti, C., Wietz, M., Brinkhoff, T., Hehemann, J.H., Probandt, D., Zeugner, L., and Amann, R. (2020). The biogeochemistry of marine polysaccharides: Sources, inventories, and bacterial drivers of the carbohydrate cycle. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-032020-012810"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12215","article-title":"Global distribution and prevalence of Arcobacter in food and water","volume":"62","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.3.1271-1276.2004","article-title":"Detection of Arcobacter spp. in the coastal environment of the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"70","author":"Fera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"177","article-title":"Detection and enumeration of Arcobacter spp. in the coastal environment of the Straits of Messina (Italy)","volume":"28","author":"Maugeri","year":"2005","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01555.x","article-title":"Presence of Arcobacter spp. in environmental waters correlates with high levels of fecal pollution","volume":"10","author":"Collado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2009.02767.x","article-title":"Specific detection of Arcobacter spp. in estuarine waters of Southern Italy by PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization","volume":"50","author":"Fera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01617-16","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01617-16","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Arcobacter sp. strain LFT 1.7 isolated from Great Scallop (Pecten maximus) Larvae","volume":"5","author":"Romalde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"25","article-title":"Stable and enriched Cenarchaeum symbiosum and uncultured Betaproteobacteria HF1 in the microbiome of the Mediterranean sponge Haliclona fulva (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida)","volume":"77","author":"Junca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4935","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4935","article-title":"High similarity in the microbiota of cold-water sponges of the Genus Mycale from two different geographical areas","volume":"6","author":"Font","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"SILVA, RDP, Greengenes, NCBI and OTT\u2014how do these taxonomies compare?","volume":"18","author":"Huson","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giy054","article-title":"Benchmarking taxonomic assignments based on 16S rRNA gene profiling of the microbiota from commonly sampled environments","volume":"7","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"GigaScience."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12261","article-title":"Removing environmental sources of variation to gain insight on symbionts vs. transient microbes in high and low microbial abundance sponges","volume":"15","author":"Blanquer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7410.2007.00091.x","article-title":"Embryo development of Corticium candelabrum (Demospongiae: Homosclerophorida)","volume":"126","author":"Uriz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invertebr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2008.00244.x","article-title":"Reproductive output in a Mediterranean population of the homosclerophorid Corticium candelabrum (Porifera, Demospongiae), with notes on the ultrastructure and behavior of the larva","volume":"29","author":"Maldonado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-012-2133-0","article-title":"Unique and species-specific microbial communities in Oscarella lobularis and other Mediterranean Oscarella species (Porifera: Homoscleromorpha)","volume":"160","author":"Gloeckner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00752","article-title":"Predicting the HMA-LMA status in marine sponges by machine learning","volume":"8","author":"Steinert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08925-4","article-title":"Modularity and predicted functions of the global sponge-microbiome network","volume":"10","author":"Lurgi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09537-8","article-title":"The sponge microbiome within the greater coral reef microbial metacommunity","volume":"10","author":"Cleary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(77)90038-7","article-title":"Electron microscope study of the association between some sponges and bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Vacelet","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2005.00046.x","article-title":"Marine sponges as microbial fermenters","volume":"55","author":"Hentschel","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-007-0910-0","article-title":"Do associated microbial abundances impact marine demosponge pumping rates and tissue densities?","volume":"155","author":"Weisz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-007-0708-y","article-title":"Linking abundance and diversity of sponge-associated microbial communities to metabolic differences in host sponges","volume":"152","author":"Weisz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/371695a0","article-title":"High abundance of Archaea in Antarctic marine picoplankton","volume":"371","author":"DeLong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208929","article-title":"Marine microbes see a sea of gradients","volume":"338","author":"Stocker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2003.00545.x","article-title":"Host specificity in marine sponge-associated bacteria, and potential implications for marine microbial diversity","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2004.00570.x","article-title":"Diverse microbial communities inhabit Antarctic sponges","volume":"6","author":"Webster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2012.01467.x","article-title":"Bacterial community profiles in low microbial abundance sponges","volume":"83","author":"Giles","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1086\/BBLv227n1p78","article-title":"The HMA-LMA dichotomy revisited: An electron microscopical survey of 56 sponge species","volume":"227","author":"Gloeckner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5683","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01320-15","article-title":"Microbial diversity and putative diazotrophy in high- and low-abundance mediterranean sponges","volume":"81","author":"Ribes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12430","article-title":"Restructuring of the sponge microbiome favors tolerance to ocean acidification","volume":"8","author":"Ribes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/12\/1978\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:44:21Z","timestamp":1760179461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/12\/1978"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8121978"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8121978","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]]}}}