{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:41:14Z","timestamp":1790642474706,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The antibiotic nitrofurantoin is a furan flanked by a nitro group and a hydantoin ring. It is used to treat lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) that have a lifetime incidence of 50\u221260% in adult women. UTIs are typically caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which are increasingly expressing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), rendering them multi-drug resistant. Nitrofurantoin is a first-line treatment for gram-negative ESBL-positive UTI patients, given that resistance to it is still rare (0% to 4.4%). Multiplex PCR of \u03b2-lactamase genes of the blaCTX-M groups 1, 2, 9 and 8\/25 from ESBL-positive UTI patients treated at three referral hospitals in North Wales (UK) revealed the presence of a novel CTX-M-14-like gene harbouring the missense mutations T55A, A273P and R277C. While R277 is close to the active site, T55 and A273 are both located in external loops. Recombinant expression of CTX-M-14 and the mutated CTX-M-14 in the periplasm of E. coli revealed a significant increase in the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for nitrofurantoin from \u22656 \u03bcg\/mL (CTX-M-14) to \u2265512 \u03bcg\/mL (mutated CTX-M-14). Consistent with this finding, the mutated CTX-M protein hydrolysed nitrofurantoin in a cell-free assay. Detection of a novel nitrofurantoin resistance gene indicates an emerging clinical problem in the treatment of gram-negative ESBL-positive UTI patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T20:56:57Z","timestamp":1607893017000},"page":"1983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Amino Acid Changes T55A, A273P and R277C in the Beta-Lactamase CTX-M-14 Render E. coli Resistant to the Antibiotic Nitrofurantoin, a First-Line Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yasir","family":"Edowik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2AS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1450-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Caspari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2AS, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh Merfyn","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2AS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina, M., and Castillo-Pino, E. (2019). An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections. Ther. Adv. Urol., 11.","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287219832172"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000228","article-title":"Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections","volume":"29","author":"Tandogdu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.E., and Dolin, R. (2010). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Churchill Livingstone. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/33.suppl_A.23","article-title":"Nitrofurantoin: Mechanism of action and implications for resistance development in common uropathogens","volume":"33","author":"McOsker","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. 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Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/12\/1983\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:44:28Z","timestamp":1760179468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/12\/1983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8121983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8121983","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]]}}}