{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:05:18Z","timestamp":1779242718138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EXFE) represents a rare complication after penetrating ocular trauma of previously unresolved keratitis or iatrogenic infections, following intraocular surgery such as cataract surgery. The usual latency period between intraocular inoculation and presentation of symptoms from fungal endophthalmitis is several weeks to months as delayed-onset endophthalmitis. Aspergillus spp., is the most common causative mould pathogen implicated in this ocular infection and early diagnosis and prompt antimicrobial treatment, concomitantly in most cases with expert surgical attention, reduce unfavorable complications and increase the possibility of eye function preservation. Topical, intravitreal and systemic antifungal molecules are the mainstay of a medical approach to the disease and azoles, polyenes and in particular cases echinocandins are the pharmacological classes most commonly used in clinical practice. This review discusses pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic of antifungal agents in their principal modes of administration with a focus on their ability to achieve high drug concentration in the vitreous and ocular tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T09:35:23Z","timestamp":1609320923000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Exogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis: Clues to Aspergillus Aetiology with a Pharmacological Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3865-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Lupia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Corcione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Maria","family":"Fea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Reibaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Fallico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Petrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Scabini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Sole","family":"Polito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Ciabatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8338-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Giuseppe","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00113-16","article-title":"Bacterial and Fungal Endophthalmitis","volume":"30","author":"Durand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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