{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:57:35Z","timestamp":1774443455143,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Canadian Fund for Innovation and Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant","award":["JEFL Grant 34575 and GPIN-2017-04004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JEFL Grant 34575 and GPIN-2017-04004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracellular growth of pathogenic Legionella in free-living amoebae (FLA) results in the critical concentrations that are problematic in engineered water systems (EWS). However, being amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB), how Legionella spp. becomes internalized within FLA is still poorly understood. Using fluorescent microscopy, we investigated in real-time the preferential feeding behavior of three water-related FLA species, Willaertia magna, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and Vermamoeba vermiformis regarding Legionella pneumophila and two Escherichia coli strains. Although all the studied FLA species supported intracellular growth of L. pneumophila, they avoided this bacterium to a certain degree in the presence of E. coli and mostly fed on it when the preferred bacterial food-sources were limited. Moreover, once L. pneumophila were intracellular, it inhibited digestion of co-occurring E. coli within the same trophozoites. Altogether, based on FLA\u2013bacteria interactions and the shifts in microbial population dynamics, we propose that FLA\u2019s feeding preference leads to an initial growth of FLA and depletion of prey bacteria, thus increases the relative abundance of Legionella and creates a \u201cforced-feeding\u201d condition facilitating the internalization of Legionella into FLA to initiate the cycles of intracellular multiplication. These findings imply that monitoring of FLA levels in EWS could be useful in predicting possible imminent high occurrence of Legionella.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T12:44:05Z","timestamp":1610714645000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Differential Bacterial Predation by Free-Living Amoebae May Result in Blooms of Legionella in Drinking Water Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3853-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Ashbolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Science &amp; Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore Campus, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.1999.00046.x","article-title":"Legionella: From environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control","volume":"1","author":"Atlas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. 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