{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:33:05Z","timestamp":1784302385162,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ALF founding Region \u00d6rebro County, Research Committee of \u00d6rebro County Council","award":["OLL-878861, OLL-929623,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OLL-878861, OLL-929623,"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated Staphylococcus aureus diversity, genetic factors, and humoral immune responses against antigens via genome analysis of S. aureus isolates from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients in a long-term follow-up. Of the 42 patients who provided S. aureus isolates and serum for a previous study, 34 could be included for follow-up after a decade. Clinical examinations were performed and bacterial samples were collected from the maxillary sinus and nares. S. aureus isolates were characterized by whole-genome sequencing, and specific anti-staphylococcal IgG in serum was determined using protein arrays. S. aureus was detected in the nares and\/or maxillary sinus at both initial inclusion and follow-up in 15 of the 34 respondents (44%). Three of these (20%) had S. aureus isolates from the same genetic lineage as at inclusion. A low number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified when comparing isolates from nares and maxillary sinus collected at the same time point. The overall change of antibody responses to staphylococcal antigens over time showed great variability, and no correlation was found between the presence of genes encoding antigens and the corresponding anti-staphylococcal IgG in serum; thus our findings did not support a role, in CRS, of the specific S. aureus antigens investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T12:20:26Z","timestamp":1611750026000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Long-Term Sinonasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Anti-Staphylococcal Humoral Immune Response in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0138-0466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrica","family":"Thunberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, \u00d6rebro University Hospital, SE 70185 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University, SE 70182 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svante","family":"Hugosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, \u00d6rebro University Hospital, SE 70185 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University, SE 70182 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Ehricht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institut fuer Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultaet \u201cCarl Gustav Carus\u201d Fiedlerstr. 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Monecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institut fuer Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultaet \u201cCarl Gustav Carus\u201d Fiedlerstr. 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, \u00d6rebro University, SE 70182 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0321-1180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Stegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University, SE 70182 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"S\u00f6derquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University, SE 70182 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, \u00d6rebro University Hospital, SE 70185 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3181ecd8ae","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and chronic airway disease","volume":"3","author":"Derycke","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. 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