{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:59:56Z","timestamp":1790672396705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an innovative therapy already used in humans to treat Clostridioides difficile infections associated with massive use of antibiotics. Clinical studies are obviously the gold standard to evaluate FMT efficiency but remain limited by regulatory, ethics, and cost constraints. In the present study, an in vitro model of the human colon reproducing medically relevant perturbation of the colonic ecosystem by antibiotherapy was used to compare the efficiency of traditional FMT enema formulations and a new oral capsule in restoring gut microbiota composition and activity. Loss of microbial diversity, shift in bacterial populations, and sharp decrease in fermentation activities induced in vivo by antibiotherapy were efficiently reproduced in the in vitro model, while capturing inter-individual variability of gut microbiome. Oral capsule was as efficient as enema to decrease the number of disturbed days and bacterial load had no effect on enema performance. This study shows the relevance of human colon models as an alternative approach to in vivo assays during preclinical studies for evaluating FMT efficiency. The potential of this in vitro approach could be extended to FMT testing in the management of many digestive or extra-intestinal pathologies where gut microbial dysbiosis has been evidenced such as inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity or cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T18:45:00Z","timestamp":1613155500000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["An Oral FMT Capsule as Efficient as an Enema for Microbiota Reconstruction Following Disruption by Antibiotics, as Assessed in an In Vitro Human Gut Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Verdier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 MEDIS, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"},{"name":"MaaT Pharma, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 MEDIS, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrielle","family":"Gasc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaaT Pharma, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia","family":"Boucinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaaT Pharma, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oph\u00e9lie","family":"Uriot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 MEDIS, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Delmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaaT Pharma, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaaT Pharma, F-69007 Lyon, France"},{"name":"MICALIS and M\u00e9taG\u00e9noPolis, Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, INRAe, AgroParisTech, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corentin","family":"Le Camus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaaT Pharma, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Schwintner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaaT Pharma, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Blanquet-Diot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 MEDIS, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110591","article-title":"Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora","volume":"308","author":"Eckburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.06.020","article-title":"Repertoire of Human Gut Microbes","volume":"106","author":"Hugon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. 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