{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:21:31Z","timestamp":1787775691794,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN-209719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN-209719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC 2125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC 2125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the apicomplexa protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This disease is a health burden, mainly in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has proved to be an important molecule that could drive resistance against a variety of infections, including intracellular parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanozoma cruzi, among others. However, to date, the role of DHEA on T. gondii has not been explored. Here, we demonstrated for the first time the toxoplasmicidal effect of DHEA on extracellular tachyzoites. Ultrastructural analysis of treated parasites showed that DHEA alters the cytoskeleton structures, leading to the loss of the organelle structure and organization as well as the loss of the cellular shape. In vitro treatment with DHEA reduces the viability of extracellular tachyzoites and the passive invasion process. Two-dimensional (2D) SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that in the presence of the hormone, a progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) with a cytochrome b5 family heme\/steroid binding domain-containing protein was expressed, while the expression of proteins that are essential for motility and virulence was highly reduced. Finally, in vivo DHEA treatment induced a reduction of parasitic load in male, but not in female mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1614681397000},"page":"513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dehydroepiandrosterone Effect on Toxoplasma gondii: Molecular Mechanisms Associated to Parasite Death"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6702-4010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00e9","family":"Mu\u00f1iz-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Oncolog\u00eda Experimental, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Luna-Nophal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Oncolog\u00eda Experimental, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, AP 70228, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen T. G\u00f3mez-De","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, AP 70228, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenin","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas Puebla, Santa Catarina M\u00e1rtir, Cholula, Puebla 72810, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga A.","family":"Patr\u00f3n-Soberano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica, Camino a la Presa San Jos\u00e9 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. Secci\u00f3n, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78216, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Nava-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Genotoxicolog\u00eda y Mutag\u00e9nesis Ambientales, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2066-8019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ostoa-Saloma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, AP 70228, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Morales-Montor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, AP 70228, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.004","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations","volume":"39","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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