{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:03:03Z","timestamp":1789542183576,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v), the main causative agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), can be isolated from both the eyes and lower alimentary tract. However, the molecular features of CVA24v in feces is not well-documented. In this study, we compared the VP1 and 3C sequences of CVA24v strains isolated from feces during AHC epidemics in Cuba in 1997, 2003, and 2008\u20132009 with those obtained from conjunctival swabs during the same epidemic period. The sequence analyses of the 3C and VP1 region of stool isolates from the three epidemics showed a high degree of nucleotide identity (ranging from 97.3\u2013100%) to the corresponding conjunctival isolates. The phylogenetic analysis showed that fecal CVA24v isolates from the 1997 and 2003 Cuban outbreaks formed a clade with CVA24v strains isolated from conjunctival swabs in Cuba and other countries during the same period. There were three amino acid changes (3C region) and one amino acid change (VP1 region) in seven CVA24v strains isolated sequentially over 20 days from fecal samples of one patient, suggesting viral replication in the intestine. Despite these substitutions, the virus from the conjunctival swab and fecal samples were genetically very similar. Therefore, fecal samples should be considered as a reliable alternative sample type for the routine molecular diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of CVA24v, also during outbreaks of AHC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T01:59:28Z","timestamp":1614909568000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Coxsackievirus A24v from Feces and Conjunctiva Reveals Epidemiological Links"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Magil\u00e9 C.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Center for Research Diagnosis, and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine \u201cPedro Kour\u00ed\u201d, Havana 11400, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9130-0620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Pupo-Meri\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Universidad de las Ciencias Inform\u00e1ticas (UCI), Habana 19370, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4021-3345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios de Matem\u00e1tica Computacional, Universidad de las Ciencias Inform\u00e1ticas (UCI), Habana 19370, Cuba"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Computaci\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y de Educaci\u00f3n Superior de Ensenada, 22860 Ensenada, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayra","family":"Mun\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Center for Research Diagnosis, and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine \u201cPedro Kour\u00ed\u201d, Havana 11400, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7318-7206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Resik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Center for Research Diagnosis, and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine \u201cPedro Kour\u00ed\u201d, Havana 11400, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7528-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hel\u00e9ne","family":"Norder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases\/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3694-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunovirology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Lund University, 22185 Malmo, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yen, Y.C., Chu, P.H., Lu, P.L., Lin, Y.C., Shi, Y.Y., Chou, L.C., Wang, C.F., Lin, Y.Y., Su, H.J., and Lin, C.C. 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