{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:48:52Z","timestamp":1777034932146,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1A2C1084511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A2C1084511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, it has been reported that the rt269I type of hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase (Pol) versus the rt269L type is more significantly related to lower viral replication and HBeAg negative infections in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients of genotype C2. In this study, we compared mutation rates within HBV genomes between rt269L and rt269I using a total of 234 HBV genotype C2 full genome sequences randomly selected from the HBV database (115 of rt269L and 119 of rt269I type). When we applied the Benjamini and Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons, two parameters, dN and d, at the amino acids level in the Pol region were significantly higher in the rt269I type than in the rt269L type. Although it could not reach statistical significance from the Benjamini and Hochberg procedure, nonsynonymous (NS) mutations in the major hydrophilic region (MHR) or \u201ca\u201d determinant in the surface antigens (HBsAg ORF) related to host immune escape or vaccine escape are more frequently generated in rt269I strains than in rt269L. We also found that there are a total of 19 signature single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which 2 and 17 nonsynonymous mutation types were specific to rt269L and rt269I, respectively: Of these, most are HBeAg negative infections (preC-W28*, X-V5M and V131I), lowered HBV DNA or virion production (C-I97F\/L, rtM204I\/V) or preexisting nucleot(s)ide analog resistance (NAr) (rtN139K\/H, rtM204I\/V and rtI224V) or disease severity (preC-W28*, C-I97F\/L, C-Q182K\/*, preS2-F141L, S-L213I\/S, V\/L5M, T36P\/S\/A, V131I, rtN139K\/H, rtM204I\/V and rtI224V). In conclusion, our data showed that rt269I types versus rt269L types are more prone to overall genome mutations, particularly in the Pol region and in the MHR or \u201ca\u201d determinant in genotype C2 infections and are more prevalent in signature NS mutations related to lowered HBV DNA replication, HBsAg and HBeAg secretion and potential NAr variants and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), possibly via type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated enhanced inflammation. Our data suggest that rt269L types could contribute to liver disease progression via the generation of immune escape or enhanced persistent infection in chronic patients of genotype C2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T11:38:58Z","timestamp":1615808338000},"page":"601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["rt269I Type of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Polymerase versus rt269L Is More Prone to Mutations within HBV Genome in Chronic Patients Infected with Genotype C2: Evidence from Analysis of Full HBV Genotype C2 Genome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hyein","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, and Liver Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, and Liver Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Min","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, and Liver Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4992-6632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"HyeLim","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0085-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bum-Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, and Liver Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013","volume":"386","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2019.007","article-title":"The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Korea","volume":"34","author":"Yim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. 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