{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:35:28Z","timestamp":1778852128433,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is often caused by feeding a high-concentrate diet in intensive ruminant production. Although previous studies have shown that dietary thiamine supplementation can effectively increase rumen pH and modify rumen fermentation, the effect of thiamine supplementation on rumen carbohydrate-related microorganisms and enzymes in goats under SARA conditions remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary thiamine supplementation on carbohydrate-associated microorganisms and enzymes in the rumen of Saanen goats fed high-concentrate diets. Nine healthy mid-lactating Saanen goats in parity 1 or 2 were randomly assigned into three treatments: A control diet (CON; concentrate:forage (30:70)), a high-concentrate diet (HC; concentrate:forage (70:30)), and a high-concentrate diet with 200 mg of thiamine\/kg of DMI (HCT; concentrate:forage (70:30)). Compared with the HC group, dietary thiamine supplementation improved ruminal microbes associated with fiber, including Prevotella, Fibrobacter, Neocallimastix, and Piromyces (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, an increase in the relative abundance of enzymes involved in both fiber degradation and starch degradation, such as CBM16, GH3, and GH97, was observed in the HCT treatment. (p &lt; 0.05). Thus, thiamine supplementation can improve carbohydrate metabolism by increasing the abundance of the microorganisms and enzymes involved in carbohydrate degradation. In conclusion, this study revealed the relationship between ruminal microbiota and enzymes, and these findings contributed to solving the problems arising from the high-concentrate feeding in ruminant production and to providing a new perspective on ruminant health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T11:41:06Z","timestamp":1616067666000},"page":"632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Metagenomic Insight: Dietary Thiamine Supplementation Promoted the Growth of Carbohydrate-Associated Microorganisms and Enzymes in the Rumen of Saanen Goats Fed High-Concentrate Diets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, M Block, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Along","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongrong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1990.70.2.567","article-title":"Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species","volume":"70","author":"Bergman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12724","article-title":"Microbiome-metabolome analysis reveals unhealthy alterations in the composition and metabolism of ruminal microbiota with increasing dietary grain in a goat model","volume":"18","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1071\/AN14523","article-title":"Effects of different dietary concentrate to forage ratio and supplementation on the rumen fermentation and ruminal bacterial community in dairy cows","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00701","article-title":"Induction of subacute ruminal acidosis affects the ruminal microbiome and epithelium","volume":"7","author":"Mccann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"30","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: Ministry Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs","volume":"50","author":"Kleen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16944","article-title":"Thiamine ameliorates inflammation of the ruminal epithelium of Saanen goats suffering from subacute ruminal acidosis","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01818","article-title":"Illumina sequencing approach to characterize thiamine metabolism related bacteria and the impacts of thiamine supplementation on ruminal microbiota in dairy cows fed high-grain diets","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00132.2010","article-title":"Chronic alcohol consumption and intestinal thiamin absorption: Effects on physiological and molecular parameters of the uptake process","volume":"299","author":"Subramanya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thiamine status, metabolism and application in dairy cows: A review","volume":"120","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurt."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Thiamine status of feedlot cattle fed a high-concentrate diet","volume":"51","author":"Karapinar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1976.434930x","article-title":"Relationship of acidosis to other feedlot ailments","volume":"43","author":"Brent","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metagenome sequencing to analyze the impacts of thiamine supplementation on ruminal fungi in dairy cows fed high-concentrate diets","volume":"159","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1745-0","article-title":"Metagenomic insights into effects of thiamine supplementation on ruminal nonmethanogen archaea in high-concentrate diets feeding dairy cows","volume":"15","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13568","article-title":"Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis","volume":"513","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mende, D.R., Waller, A.S., and Sunagawa, S. (2012). Assessment of metagenomic assembly using simulated next generation sequencing data. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031386"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2939","article-title":"Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes","volume":"32","author":"Nielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl158","article-title":"Cd-hit: A fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565","article-title":"CD-HIT: Accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2942","article-title":"An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","article-title":"A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes","volume":"490","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn663","article-title":"The Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes database (CAZy): An expert resource for Glycogenomics","volume":"37","author":"Cantarel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6528","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7528","article-title":"Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma carcinoma sequence","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004","article-title":"Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life","volume":"17","author":"Roswall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(03)00072-X","article-title":"Opportunities to improve fiber degradation in the rumen:microbiology, ecology, and genomics","volume":"27","author":"Krause","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puniya, A.K., Singh, R., and Kamra, D.N. (2015). Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution, Springer Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2401-3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiv077","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiv077","article-title":"In situ identification and quantification of starch-hydrolyzing bacteria attached to barley and corn grain in the rumen of cows fed barley-based diets","volume":"91","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"67","article-title":"Metatranscriptomics reveals the active bacterial and Eukaryotic Fibrolytic communities in the rumen of dairy cow fed a mixed diet","volume":"8","author":"Parisot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(90)78989-8","article-title":"Role of Rumen Fungi in Fiber Degradation","volume":"73","author":"Akin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Mackie, R.I., White, B.A., and Isaacson, R.E. (1997). Bacteria, fungi, and protozoa of the rumen. Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(00)00256-8","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of a novel family A endoglucanase gene from Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 in Escherichia coli","volume":"27","author":"Cho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.64.254","article-title":"Characterization of the cellulolytic complex (cellulosome) from Ru-minococcus albus","volume":"64","author":"Ohara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Mackie, R.I., and White, B.A. (1997). Polysaccharide degradation in the rumen and large intestine. Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.761234x","article-title":"Ruminal microbial and fermentative changes associated with experimentally induced subacute acidosis in steers","volume":"76","author":"Goad","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114619","article-title":"Effect of high-concentrate diets on microbial composition, function, and the VFAs formation process in the rumen of dairy cows","volume":"269","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiw059","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiw059","article-title":"Rumen bacterial communities shift across a lactation in Holstein, Jersey and Holstein x Jersey dairy cows and correlate torumen function, bacterial fatty acid composition and production parameters","volume":"92","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1817","article-title":"Polysaccharide utilization by gut bacteria: Potential for new insights from genomic analysis","volume":"6","author":"Flint","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapio, I., Fischer, D., Blasco, L., Tapio, M., Wallace, R.J., Bayat, A.R., Ventto, L., Kahala, M., Negussie, E., and Shingfield, K.J. (2017). Taxon abundance, diversity, cooccurrence and network analysis of the ruminal microbiota in response to dietary changes in dairy cows. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180260"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17087","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.87","article-title":"A parts list for fungal cellulosomes revealed by comparative genomics","volume":"2","author":"Haitjema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2016.1158631","article-title":"Thiamine synthesis regulates the fermentation mechanisms in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans","volume":"80","author":"Shimizu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-018-1362-8","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of the ruminal metabolome response to thiamine supplementation during high grain feeding in dairy cows","volume":"14","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2011.01154.x","article-title":"Impact of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) adaptation and recovery on the density and diversity of bacteria in the rumen of dairy cows","volume":"78","author":"Hook","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238909082556","article-title":"Microbial amylolytic enzymes","volume":"24","author":"Vihinen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.72.4.548-554.1956","article-title":"Culture and physiology of a starch-digesting bacterium (Bacteroides amylophilus n. sp.) from the bovine rumen","volume":"72","author":"Hamlin","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.38.3.422-430.1979","article-title":"Changes in Lactate-Producing and Lactate-Utilizing Bacteria in Relation to pH in the Rumen of Sheep During Stepwise Adaptation to a High-Concentrate Diet","volume":"38","author":"Mackie","year":"1979","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-478","article-title":"Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: The current microbiological and nutritional outlook","volume":"1","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2766-2774.2001","article-title":"Diet-dependent shifts in the bacterial population of the rumen revealed with real-time PCR","volume":"67","author":"Tajima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Xue, F., Hua, D., Wang, Y., Pan, X., Nan, X., Sun, F., Jiang, L., and Xiong, B. (2020). Metagenomic insights into effects of thiamine supplementation on carbohydrate-active enzymes\u2019 profile in dairy cows fed high-concentrate diets. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020304"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2012.07.009","article-title":"Insights into the recognition of the human glycome by microbial carbohydrate-binding modules","volume":"22","author":"Elizabeth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2014.07.004","article-title":"Using structure to inform carbohydrate binding module function","volume":"28","author":"Abbott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/3\/632\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:37:29Z","timestamp":1760161049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/3\/632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9030632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9030632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]}}}