{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:10:20Z","timestamp":1790298620476,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmania is a protozoan parasite of the trypanosomatid family, causing a wide range of diseases with different clinical manifestations including cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. According to WHO, one billion people are at risk of Leishmania infection as they live in endemic areas while there are 12 million infected people worldwide. Annually, 0.9\u20131.6 million new infections are reported and 20\u201350 thousand deaths occur due to Leishmania infection. As current chemotherapy for treating leishmaniasis exhibits numerous drawbacks and due to the lack of effective human vaccine, there is an urgent need to develop new antileishmanial therapy treatment. To this end, eukaryotic protein kinases can be ideal target candidates for rational drug design against leishmaniasis. Eukaryotic protein kinases mediate signal transduction through protein phosphorylation and their inhibition is anticipated to be disease modifying as they regulate all essential processes for Leishmania viability and completion of the parasitic life cycle including cell-cycle progression, differentiation and virulence. This review highlights existing knowledge concerning the exploitation of Leishmania protein kinases as molecular targets to treat leishmaniasis and the current knowledge of their role in the biology of Leishmania spp. and in the regulation of signalling events that promote parasite survival in the insect vector or the mammalian host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1616969341000},"page":"691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Leishmania Protein Kinases: Important Regulators of the Parasite Life Cycle and Molecular Targets for Treating Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Antonia","family":"Efstathiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Avenue Vas. Sofias 127, 11521 Athina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Despina","family":"Smirlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Avenue Vas. Sofias 127, 11521 Athina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, February 15). Leishmaniasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/leishmaniasis#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1084","article-title":"The developmental biology of Leishmania promastigotes","volume":"79","author":"Bates","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. 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