{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T09:16:56Z","timestamp":1769073416332,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-010429 \/ OPP1189065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-010429 \/ OPP1189065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 (ST1) was an important cause of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) globally before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) containing ST1 antigen. The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project gathered ST1 IPD surveillance data from sites globally and aimed to estimate PCV10\/13 impact on ST1 IPD incidence. We estimated ST1 IPD incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing the pre-PCV10\/13 period to each post-PCV10\/13 year by site using a Bayesian multi-level, mixed-effects Poisson regression and all-site IRRs using a linear mixed-effects regression (N = 45 sites). Following PCV10\/13 introduction, the incidence rate (IR) of ST1 IPD declined among all ages. After six years of PCV10\/13 use, the all-site IRR was 0.05 (95% credibility interval 0.04\u20130.06) for all ages, 0.05 (0.04\u20130.05) for &lt;5 years of age, 0.08 (0.06\u20130.09) for 5\u201317 years, 0.06 (0.05\u20130.08) for 18\u201349 years, 0.06 (0.05\u20130.07) for 50\u201364 years, and 0.05 (0.04\u20130.06) for \u226565 years. PCV10\/13 use in infant immunization programs was followed by a 95% reduction in ST1 IPD in all ages after approximately 6 years. Limited data availability from the highest ST1 disease burden countries using a 3 + 0 schedule constrains generalizability and data from these settings are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1616969341000},"page":"696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1 following Introduction of PCV10 and PCV13: Findings from the PSERENADE Project"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2559-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Hetrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0206-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Garcia Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Sinkevitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Deloria Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Feikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant, 1296 Coppet, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Zeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunice","family":"Kagucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Epidemiology and Demography Department, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, P.O. Box 230-80108 Kilifi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krow","family":"Ampofo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Cristina","family":"Brandileone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Meningitis and Pneumococcal Infections, Center of Bacteriology, Institute Adolfo Lutz (IAL), S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Bruden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Camilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6396-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Castilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica de Navarra\u2014IdiSNA, 31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanhao","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Ministry of Health, Communicable Diseases Division, Singapore 308442, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Disease Control, Department of Health and Community Services, Darwin, NT 8000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cornick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary &amp; Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK"},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Chichiri, P.O. Box 30096 Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Dagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4774-7091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tine","family":"Dalby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Danis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France, the French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice CEDEX, 94415 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Department, Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"De Wals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Desmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"National Reference Centre for Streptococcus Pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theano","family":"Georgakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Organisation, 15123 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Gilkison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Team, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, Wellington 5240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Grgic-Vitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Centre, National Institute of Public Health, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Hammitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Epidemiology and Demography Department, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, P.O. 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Box 230-80108 Kilifi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2247-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Skoczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Suga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Center and Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Mie Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-0125, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"van der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Center for Streptococci, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Verani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP),  P.O. Box 606-00621 Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0243-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brita","family":"Winje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Vaccine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8631-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inci","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yale New Haven Children\u2019s Hospital, New Haven, CT 06504, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Zerouali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology-Virology and Hospital Hygiene Laboratory, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Centre, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-2313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyla","family":"Hayford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the PSERENADE Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e744","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30247-X","article-title":"Burden of Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Disease in Children in the Era of Conjugate Vaccines: Global, Regional, and National Estimates for 2000\u201315","volume":"6","author":"Wahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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