{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T07:49:56Z","timestamp":1780559396173,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["MSRCTE0211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSRCTE0211"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial pathogen responsible of listeriosis, a disease that in humans is often related to the contamination of ready-to-eat foods. Phages are candidate biodecontaminants of pathogenic bacteria thanks to their ability to lyse prokaryotes while being safe for eukaryotic cells. In this study, \u03a6IZSAM-1 was isolated from the drain-waters of an Italian blue cheese plant and showed lytic activity against antimicrobial resistant Listeria monocytogenes strains. This phage was subjected to purification and in vitro efficacy tests. The results showed that at multiplicities of infection (MOIs) \u2264 1, phages were able to keep Listeria monocytogenes at low optical density values up to 8 h, with bacterial counts ranging from 1.02 to 3.96 log10 units lower than the control. Besides, \u03a6IZSAM-1 was further characterized, showing 25 principal proteins (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile) and a genome of approximately 50 kilo base pairs. Moreover, this study describes a new approach to phage isolation for applications in Listeriamonocytogenes biocontrol in food production. In particular, the authors believe that the selection of phages from the same environments where pathogens live could represent a new approach to successfully integrating the control measures in an innovative, cost effective, safe and environmentally friendly way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T21:37:03Z","timestamp":1617226623000},"page":"731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characterization and In Vitro Efficacy against Listeria monocytogenes of a Newly Isolated Bacteriophage, \u03a6IZSAM-1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7307-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Scattolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6844-3612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"D\u2019Angelantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iolanda","family":"Mangone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-633X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurilia","family":"Marcacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6042-7909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Battistelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krizia","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6946-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pomilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7547-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Camma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Migliorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4783-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Aprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention Commission (2021). The European Union One Health 2019 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 19, e06406.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6406"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2008.05.001","article-title":"Exploring the prokaryotic virosphere","volume":"159","author":"Comeau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02458.x","article-title":"Bacteriophages and their application in food safety","volume":"47","author":"Obeso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"293","article-title":"The applications of bacteriophages and their lysins as biocontrol agents against the foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter: An updated look","volume":"54","author":"Aprea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2005.08.005","article-title":"Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: Genome sequence, bioinformatic analyses, oral toxicity study, and application","volume":"43","author":"Carlton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01711-08","article-title":"Virulent Bacteriophage for Efficient Biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-To-Eat Foods","volume":"75","author":"Guenther","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.2.15662","article-title":"Bacteriophage biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes on soft ripened white mold and red-smear cheeses","volume":"1","author":"Guenther","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.01.010","article-title":"Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes in queso fresco cheese by a combination of listericidal and listeriostatic GRAS antimicrobials","volume":"155","author":"Soni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014000100003","article-title":"Control of Listeria monocytogenes growth in soft cheeses by bacteriophage P100","volume":"45","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2615","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of Listex\u2122 P100 for the removal of Listeria monocytogenes surface contamination of raw fish","volume":"10","author":"Hazards","year":"2012","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"214","article-title":"Bacteriophage Morphological Characterization by Using Transmission Electron Microscopy","volume":"10","author":"Aprea","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Aprea, G., D\u2019Angelantonio, D., Boni, A., Scattolini, S., Di Serafino, G., Neri, D., Sacchini, L., Acciari, V.A., Torresi, M., and Centorame, P. (2021, March 25). Activity of Bacteriophages to Control Listeria Monocytogenes and Campylobacter Jejuni Antibiotic Resistant Strains. Available online: www.remedypublications.com\/open-access\/pactivity-of-bacteriophages-to-controlem-listeria-monocytogenes-and-campylobacter-jejuniem-antibiotic-resistant-strainsp-2228.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Authority, E.F.S. (2020). The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2017\/2018. EFSA J., 18, Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/efsajournal\/pub\/6007.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6007"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.01.024","article-title":"Biofilm recovery from chitosan action: A possible clue to understand Listeria monocytogenes persistence in food plants","volume":"32","author":"Orgaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00283-08","article-title":"A Listeria monocytogenes Mutant Defective in Bacteriophage Attachment Is Attenuated in Orally Inoculated Mice and Impaired in Enterocyte Intracellular Growth","volume":"76","author":"Spears","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.6.1912-1918.1990","article-title":"Bacteriophage typing of Listeria species","volume":"56","author":"Loessner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Metzler, J.B. (2021). Isolation of Bacteriophages, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-73.1.32","article-title":"Bacteriophage Significantly Reduces Listeria monocytogenes on Raw Salmon Fillet Tissue\u2020","volume":"73","author":"Soni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-565-1_13","article-title":"Purification of bacteriophages and SDS-PAGE analysis of phage structural proteins from ghost particles","volume":"502","author":"Boulanger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Computat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D61","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl842","article-title":"NCBI reference sequences (RefSeq): A curated non-redundant sequence database of genomes, transcripts and proteins","volume":"35","author":"Pruitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid Prokaryotic Genome Annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(00)02024-2","article-title":"EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite","volume":"16","author":"Rice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Isolation and morphological characterization of new bacteriophages active against Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"1","author":"Aprea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairns, B.J., Timms, A.R., Jansen, V.A.A., Connerton, I.F., and Payne, R.J.H. (2009). Quantitative Models of In Vitro Bacteriophage\u2013Host Dynamics and Their Application to Phage Therapy. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000253"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.09.028","article-title":"Reductions of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters after bacteriophage application during depuration","volume":"418-419","author":"Rong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axelsson, L., Bjerke, G.A., McLeod, A., Berget, I., and Holck, A.L. (2020). Growth Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in a Traditional Norwegian Fermented Fish Product (Rakfisk), and Its Inhibition through Bacteriophage Addition. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9020119"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00020","article-title":"Phage biocontrol of enteropathogenic and shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in meat products","volume":"3","author":"Tomat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Inf. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-310","article-title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Beef and Sheep Carcasses in Turkey with Characterization of Locally Isolated Listeriophages as a Control Measure","volume":"81","author":"Ayaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.08.018","article-title":"Efficacy of bacteriophage LISTEX\u2122P100 combined with chemical antimicrobials in reducing Listeria monocytogenes in cooked turkey and roast beef","volume":"167","author":"Chibeu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.011","article-title":"Development of prototypes of bioactive packaging materials based on immobilized bacteriophages for control of growth of bacterial pathogens in foods","volume":"217","author":"Lone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, R., Bolocan, A.S., Draper, L.A., Ross, R.P., and Hill, C. (2019). The Effect of a Commercially Available Bacteriophage and Bacteriocin on Listeria monocytogenes in Coleslaw. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11110977"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/4\/731\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:55:52Z","timestamp":1760363752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/4\/731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9040731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9040731","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]}}}