{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:56:38Z","timestamp":1760234198866,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ambroxol (Ax) is used as a mucolytics in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Ax, at a general dose for humans, does not alter Chlamydia pneumoniae growth in mice. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential anti-chlamydial effect of Ax at a concentration four timed higher than that used in human medicine. Mice were infected with C. pneumoniae and 5-mg\/kg Ax was administered orally. The number of recoverable C. pneumoniae inclusion-forming units (IFUs) in Ax-treated mice was significantly lower than that in untreated mice. mRNA expression levels of several cytokines, including interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-23, IL-17F, interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3), and surfactant protein (SP)-A, increased in infected mice treated with Ax. The IFN-\u03b3 protein expression levels were also significantly higher in infected and Ax-treated mice. Furthermore, the in vitro results suggested that the ERK 1\/2 activity was decreased, which is essential for the C. pneumoniae replication. SP-A and SP-D treatments significantly decreased the number of viable C. pneumoniae IFUs and significantly increased the attachment of C. pneumoniae to macrophage cells. Based on our results, a dose of 5 mg\/kg of Ax exhibited an anti-chlamydial effect in mice, probably an immunomodulating effect, and may be used as supporting drug in respiratory infections caused by C. pneumoniae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T13:58:04Z","timestamp":1618927084000},"page":"880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ambroxol Treatment Suppresses the Proliferation of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Murine Lungs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"D\u00e1vid","family":"K\u00f3kai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Square 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00f3ra","family":"Par\u00f3czai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Square 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dezs\u0151 Peter","family":"Virok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Square 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Endr\u00e9sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Square 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9673-4532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e1ta","family":"G\u00e1sp\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Square 9, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Csont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Square 9, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4242-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e1ta","family":"Boz\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Square 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1300-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Buri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Square 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000195273","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Ambroxol in the Treatment of Bronchial Stasis. 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