{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:27:26Z","timestamp":1788319646320,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne pathogens distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate areas causing a wide range of symptoms ranging from inflammatory arthritis-like manifestations to the induction of encephalitis in humans. Historically, large outbreaks in susceptible populations have been recorded followed by the development of protective long-lasting antibody responses suggesting a potential advantageous role for a vaccine. Although the current understanding of alphavirus antibody-mediated immunity has been mainly gathered in natural and experimental settings of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, little is known about the humoral responses triggered by other emerging alphaviruses. This knowledge is needed to improve serology-based diagnostic tests and the development of highly effective cross-protective vaccines. Here, we review the role of antibody-mediated immunity upon arthritogenic and neurotropic alphavirus infections, and the current research efforts for the development of vaccines as a tool to control future alphavirus outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T13:59:14Z","timestamp":1619099954000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Insights into Antibody-Mediated Alphavirus Immunity and Vaccine Development Landscape"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0447-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Torres-Ruesta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda Sin-Ling","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.P.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Alphaviruses","volume":"2013","author":"Atkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaid, A., Burt, F.J., Liu, X., Poo, Y.S., Zandi, K., Suhrbier, A., Weaver, S., Texeira, M., and Mahalingam, S. (2020). Arthritogenic alphaviruses: Epidemiological and clinical perspective on emerging arboviruses. Lancet Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30491-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.64","article-title":"Arthritogenic alphaviruses\u2014An overview","volume":"8","author":"Suhrbier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.023","article-title":"Encephalitic alphaviruses","volume":"140","author":"Zacks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.03.006","article-title":"Global expansion of chikungunya virus: Mapping the 64-year history","volume":"58","author":"Wahid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(60)90025-0","article-title":"O\u2019nyong-nyong fever: An epidemic virus disease in East Africa 1. Introduction","volume":"54","author":"Haddow","year":"1960","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1210.060596","article-title":"Chikungunya virus strains, Reunion Island outbreak","volume":"12","author":"Bessaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.1053","article-title":"An epidemic of Ross River virus infection in Fiji, 1979","volume":"30","author":"Aaskov","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsetsarkin, K.A., Vanlandingham, D.L., McGee, C.E., and Higgs, S. (2007). A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030201"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsetsarkin, K.A., McGee, C.E., Volk, S.M., Vanlandingham, D.L., Weaver, S.C., and Higgs, S. (2009). Epistatic roles of E2 glycoprotein mutations in adaption of chikungunya virus to Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006835"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1355431","article-title":"O\u2019nyong-nyong fever: A neglected mosquito-borne viral disease","volume":"111","author":"Rezza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"163","article-title":"Mayaro: An emerging viral threat?","volume":"7","author":"Monsalve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbe. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2020.14","article-title":"Mayaro virus in Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"44","author":"Ganjian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104611","article-title":"GloPID-R report on chikungunya, o\u2019nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part 2: Epidemiological distribution of o\u2019nyong-nyong virus","volume":"172","author":"Pezzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104610","article-title":"GloPID-R report on chikungunya, o\u2019nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part 3: Epidemiological distribution of Mayaro virus","volume":"172","author":"Pezzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.03.009","article-title":"GloPID-R report on Chikungunya, O\u2019nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part I: Biological diagnostics","volume":"166","author":"Pezzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.07.014","article-title":"Estimating the burden of disease and the economic cost attributable to chikungunya, Andhra Pradesh, India, 2005\u20132006","volume":"104","author":"Seyler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2018.01.004","article-title":"Economic Costs of Chikungunya Virus in Colombia","volume":"17","year":"2018","journal-title":"Value Health Reg. Issues"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2020.1733419","article-title":"A review of the economic evidence of Aedes-borne arboviruses and Aedes-borne arboviral disease prevention and control strategies","volume":"19","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170044","article-title":"Chikungunya virus: Clinical aspects and treatment\u2014A Review","volume":"112","author":"Cunha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.3390\/v6062392","article-title":"Alphavirus-based vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Lundstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070906","article-title":"Chikungunya fever in travelers returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean region, 2006","volume":"14","author":"Panning","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201200213","article-title":"Early neutralizing IgG response to Chikungunya virus in infected patients targets a dominant linear epitope on the E2 glycoprotein","volume":"4","author":"Kam","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.04.002","article-title":"Persistence of anti-chikungunya virus-specific antibodies in a cohort of patients followed from the acute phase of infection after the 2007 outbreak in Italy","volume":"7","author":"Pierro","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Microbe. New Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua, C.L., Sam, I.C., Chiam, C.W., and Chan, Y.F. (2017). The neutralizing role of IgM during early Chikungunya virus infection. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171989"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1086\/517537","article-title":"Outbreak of chikungunya on Reunion Island: Early clinical and laboratory features in 157 adult patients","volume":"44","author":"Borgherini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malvy, D., Ezzedine, K., Mamani-Matsuda, M., Autran, B., Tolou, H., Receveur, M-C., Pistone, T., Rambert, J., Moynet, D., and Mossalayi, D. (2009). Destructive arthritis in a patient with chikungunya virus infection with persistent specific IgM antibodies. BMC Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-200"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.180166","article-title":"Differential Shedding and Antibody Kinetics of Zika and Chikungunya Viruses, Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Bozza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-183","article-title":"Long-term persistence of Chikungunya virus neutralizing antibodies in human populations of North Eastern Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Nitatpattana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(61)90106-7","article-title":"O\u2019nyong-nyong fever: An epidemic virus disease in East Africa: III Some clinical and epidemiological observations in the Northern Province of Uganda","volume":"55","author":"Shore","year":"1961","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(65)90012-X","article-title":"O\u2019nyong-Nyong Fever: An Epidemic Virus Disease in East Africa. 8. Virus Isolations from Anopheles Mosquitoes","volume":"59","author":"Williams","year":"1965","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1086\/313462","article-title":"O\u2019nyong-nyong fever in south-central Uganda, 1996\u20131997: Clinical features and validation of a clinical case definition for surveillance purposes","volume":"29","author":"Kiwanuka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.140823","article-title":"O\u2019nyong-nyong virus infection imported to Europe from Kenya by a traveler","volume":"20","author":"Tappe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1208.060199","article-title":"O\u2019nyong-nyong Virus, Chad","volume":"12","author":"Bessaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diagne, C.T., Bengue, M., Choumet, V., Hamel, R., Pompon, J., and Misse, D. (2020). Mayaro Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission Mechanisms. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090738"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0669","article-title":"Mayaro fever in the city of Manaus, Brazil, 2007\u20132008","volume":"12","author":"Mourao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.130777","article-title":"Mayaro virus infection, Amazon Basin region, Peru, 2010\u20132013","volume":"19","author":"Halsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761989000300003","article-title":"Study of two different enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Mayaro virus antibodies","volume":"84","author":"Figueiredo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago, F.W., Halsey, E.S., Siles, C., Vilcarromero, S., Guevara, C., Silvas, J.A., Ramal, C., Ampuero, J.S., and Aguilar, P.V. (2015). Long-Term Arthralgia after Mayaro Virus Infection Correlates with Sustained Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Response. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004104"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.909-932.2001","article-title":"Ross River virus transmission, infection, and disease: A cross-disciplinary review","volume":"14","author":"Harley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-02-19-4845","article-title":"Interpreting paired serology for Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus diseases","volume":"48","author":"Farmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.12.010","article-title":"Clinical Presentation, Progression, and Management of Five Cases of Ross River Virus Infection in Performance Horses Located in Southeast Queensland: A Longitudinal Case Series","volume":"51","author":"Barton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Equin. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11511.x","article-title":"Isolation of Ross River virus from mosquitoes and from horses with signs of musculo-skeletal disease","volume":"81","author":"Azuolas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1155\/1996\/756940","article-title":"IgG avidity in the diagnosis of acute Ross River virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Kapeleris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dis. Marker."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.4.566-571.1985","article-title":"Sensitive enzyme immunoassay for detecting immunoglobulin M antibodies to Sindbis virus and further evidence that Pogosta disease is caused by a western equine encephalitis complex virus","volume":"22","author":"Calisher","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1086\/430007","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory manifestations of Sindbis virus infection: Prospective study, Finland, 2002\u20132003","volume":"191","author":"Kurkela","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.4.832","article-title":"Occurrence of arthralgia and specific IgM antibodies three to four years after Ockelbo disease","volume":"157","author":"Niklasson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, C.S. (2016). Neurotropic Alphaviruses. Neurotropic Viral Infections, Springer International Publishing. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33133-1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.23.2.369-372.1986","article-title":"Specificity of immunoglobulin M and G antibody responses in humans infected with eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses: Application to rapid serodiagnosis","volume":"23","author":"Calisher","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8021","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02603-09","article-title":"Chikungunya virus arthritis in adult wild-type mice","volume":"84","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poo, Y.S., Rudd, P.A., Gardner, J., Wilson, J.A., Larcher, T., Colle, M.A., Le, T.T., Nakaya, H.I., Warrilow, D., and Allcock, R. (2014). Multiple immune factors are involved in controlling acute and chronic chikungunya virus infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003354"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13878","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02666-13","article-title":"Chronic joint disease caused by persistent Chikungunya virus infection is controlled by the adaptive immune response","volume":"87","author":"Hawman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"929","article-title":"Virus Invasion of the Central Nervous System: A Study of Sindbis Virus Infection in the Mouse Using Fluorescent Antibody","volume":"46","author":"Johnson","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5628","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01152-06","article-title":"Synergistic roles of antibody and interferon in noncytolytic clearance of Sindbis virus from different regions of the central nervous system","volume":"81","author":"Wind","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02081-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02081-17","article-title":"Germ Line IgM Is Sufficient, but Not Required, for Antibody-Mediated Alphavirus Clearance from the Central Nervous System","volume":"92","author":"Nilaratanakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/002238-0","article-title":"In Semliki Forest virus encephalitis, antibody rapidly clears infectious virus and is required to eliminate viral material from the brain, but is not required to generate lesions of demyelination","volume":"89","author":"Fragkoudis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-2-281","article-title":"Role of immune responses in protection and pathogenesis during Semliki Forest virus encephalitis","volume":"77","author":"Amor","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-68-2-377","article-title":"Semliki Forest virus-induced, immune-mediated demyelination: Adoptive transfer studies and viral persistence in nude mice","volume":"68","author":"Fazakerley","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01769-12","article-title":"Recruitment and retention of B cells in the central nervous system in response to alphavirus encephalomyelitis","volume":"87","author":"Metcalf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11490","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05379-11","article-title":"Alphavirus-induced encephalomyelitis: Antibody-secreting cells and viral clearance from the nervous system","volume":"85","author":"Metcalf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202177","article-title":"A pathogenic role for CD4+ T cells during Chikungunya virus infection in mice","volume":"190","author":"Teo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300304","article-title":"An essential role of antibodies in the control of Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"190","author":"Lum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.63.3.311","article-title":"Active Immunication of Guinea Pigs with the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis: I. Quantitative Experiments with Various Preparations of Active Virus","volume":"63","author":"Olitsky","year":"1936","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.64.2.217","article-title":"Active Immunization of Guinea Pigs with the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis: Iii. Quantitative Studies of Serum Antiviral Bodies in Animals Immunized with Active and Inactive Virus","volume":"64","author":"Cox","year":"1936","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.64.2.223","article-title":"Active Immunization of Guinea Pigs with the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis: Iv. Effect of Immune Serum on Antigenicity of Active and Inactive Virus","volume":"64","author":"Cox","year":"1936","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.68.5.779","article-title":"Intraperitoneal and Intracerebral Routes in Serum Protection Tests with the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis: Iii. Comparison of Antiviral Serum Constituents from Guinea Pigs Immunized with Active or Formolized Inactive Virus","volume":"68","author":"Olitsky","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.76.4.357","article-title":"Induced Resistance of the Central Nervous System to Experimental Infection with Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus: I. Neutralizing Antibody in the Central Nervous System in Relation to Cerebral Resistance","volume":"76","author":"Morgan","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.118.3.1070","article-title":"Role of the immune response in recovery from Sindbis virus encephalitis in mice","volume":"118","author":"Griffin","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00110-7","article-title":"Extensive immune-mediated hippocampal damage in mice surviving infection with neuroadapted Sindbis virus","volume":"311","author":"Kimura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.110.5.1345","article-title":"Host defenses during primary Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in mice. I. Passive transfer of protection with immune serum and immune cells","volume":"110","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1086\/600381","article-title":"Prophylaxis and therapy for Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"200","author":"Couderc","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.Y., Kam, Y.W., Fric, J., Malleret, B., Koh, E.G., Prakash, C., Huang, W., Lee, W. W., Lin, C., and Lin, R. T. (2011). Chikungunya virus neutralization antigens and direct cell-to-cell transmission are revealed by human antibody-escape mutants. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002390"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.03.089","article-title":"Evaluation of an inactivated Ross River virus vaccine in active and passive mouse immunization models and establishment of a correlate of protection","volume":"29","author":"Holzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01316730","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of immunity against virulent Semliki Forest virus with immune spleen cells from mice infected with avirulent Semliki Forest virus","volume":"91","author":"Kraaijeveld","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.59","article-title":"A structural and functional perspective of alphavirus replication and assembly","volume":"4","author":"Jose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.57.3.715-720.1986","article-title":"Antibody-selected variation and reversion in Sindbis virus neutralization epitopes","volume":"57","author":"Stec","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.52.2.575-582.1984","article-title":"Identification of distinct antigenic determinants on Semliki Forest virus by using monoclonal antibodies with different antiviral activities","volume":"52","author":"Boere","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(85)90343-5","article-title":"The neutralization site on the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (TC-83) virus is composed of multiple conformationally stable epitopes","volume":"142","author":"Roehrig","year":"1985","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90474-6","article-title":"Location of a major antigenic site involved in Ross River virus neutralization","volume":"162","author":"Vrati","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.006","article-title":"Functional characterization of the Sindbis virus E2 glycoprotein by transposon linker-insertion mutagenesis","volume":"363","author":"Navaratnarajah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, A.R., Frederickson, S., Maruyama, T., Roehrig, J.T., and Blair, C.D. (2010). The first human epitope map of the alphaviral E1 and E2 proteins reveals a new E2 epitope with significant virus neutralizing activity. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000739"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kam, Y.W., Lee, W.W., Simarmata, D., Le Grand, R., Tolou, H., Merits, A., Roques, P., and Ng, L. F. (2014). Unique epitopes recognized by antibodies induced in Chikungunya virus-infected non-human primates: Implications for the study of immunopathology and vaccine development. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095647"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000531","article-title":"Mapping of human B-cell epitopes of Sindbis virus","volume":"97","author":"Adouchief","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-58-1-37","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to Sindbis virus glycoprotein E1 can neutralize, enhance infectivity, and independently inhibit haemagglutination or haemolysis","volume":"58","author":"Chanas","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7345","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.11.7345-7348.1995","article-title":"Antiviral activity of alpha interferon in Sindbis virus-infected cells is restored by anti-E2 monoclonal antibody treatment","volume":"69","author":"Despres","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7006","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.11.7006-7014.1995","article-title":"Effects of anti-E2 monoclonal antibody on sindbis virus replication in AT3 cells expressing bcl-2","volume":"69","author":"Despres","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-69-12-3015","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of Sindbis virus: Definition of epitopes and efficiency of protection from fatal encephalitis","volume":"69","author":"Mendoza","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.58.1.107-115.1986","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody cure and prophylaxis of lethal Sindbis virus encephalitis in mice","volume":"58","author":"Stanley","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.54.2.546-551.1985","article-title":"Mechanisms of monoclonal antibody-mediated protection against virulent Semliki Forest virus","volume":"54","author":"Boere","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.06.009","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Broad and Ultrapotent Human Monoclonal Antibodies with Therapeutic Activity against Chikungunya Virus","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2013.10.015","article-title":"Characterisation of mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting linear epitopes on Chikungunya virus E2 glycoprotein","volume":"195","author":"Chua","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol. Method."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, P., Dowd, K.A., Brien, J.D., Edeling, M.A., Gorlatov, S., Johnson, S., Lee, I., Akahata, W., Nabel, G. J., and Richter, M. K. (2013). Development of a highly protective combination monoclonal antibody therapy against Chikungunya virus. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003312"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.3390\/v7062754","article-title":"The Chikungunya Virus Capsid Protein Contains Linear B Cell Epitopes in the N- and C-Terminal Regions that are Dependent on an Intact C-Terminus for Antibody Recognition","volume":"7","author":"Goh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000002","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies specific for the capsid protein of chikungunya virus suitable for multiple applications","volume":"96","author":"Goh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00435","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00435","article-title":"Structural analyses at pseudo atomic resolution of Chikungunya virus and antibodies show mechanisms of neutralization","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09555","article-title":"Glycoprotein organization of Chikungunya virus particles revealed by X-ray crystallography","volume":"468","author":"Voss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broeckel, R., Fox, J.M., Haese, N., Kreklywich, C.N., Sukulpovi-Petty, S., Legasse, A., Smith, P. P., Denton, M., Corvey, C., and Krishnan, S. (2017). Therapeutic administration of a recombinant human monoclonal antibody reduces the severity of chikungunya virus disease in rhesus macaques. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005637"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.050","article-title":"Broadly Neutralizing Alphavirus Antibodies Bind an Epitope on E2 and Inhibit Entry and Egress","volume":"163","author":"Fox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0286-4","article-title":"Protective antibodies against Eastern equine encephalitis virus bind to epitopes in domains A and B of the E2 glycoprotein","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.06.021","article-title":"Phage display identifies an Eastern equine encephalitis virus glycoprotein E2-specific B cell epitope","volume":"148","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-4819-8","article-title":"Analysis of murine B-cell epitopes on Eastern equine encephalitis virus glycoprotein E2","volume":"97","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, L.A., Fox, J.M., Kose, N., Kim, A.S., Majedi, M., Bombardi, R., Carnahan, R. H., Slaughter, J. C., Morrison, T. E., and Diamond, M. (2020). Human monoclonal antibodies against Ross River virus target epitopes within the E2 protein and protect against disease. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008517"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190736","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies against Mayaro virus require Fc effector functions for protective activity","volume":"216","author":"Earnest","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0121-3","article-title":"Mxra8 is a receptor for multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses","volume":"557","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.105","article-title":"Expression of the Mxra8 Receptor Promotes Alphavirus Infection and Pathogenesis in Mice and Drosophila","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.006","article-title":"Cryo-EM Structure of Chikungunya Virus in Complex with the Mxra8 Receptor","volume":"177","author":"Basore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.008","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Arthritogenic Alphavirus Receptor MXRA8 Binding to Chikungunya Virus Envelope Protein","volume":"177","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2017.06.001","article-title":"Emerging arboviruses: Why today?","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"2017","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.03.003","article-title":"Urbanization and geographic expansion of zoonotic arboviral diseases: Mechanisms and potential strategies for prevention","volume":"21","author":"Weaver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahouli, J.B.Z., Koudou, B.G., Muller, P., Malone, D., Tano, Y., and Utzinger, J. (2017). Urbanization is a main driver for the larval ecology of Aedes mosquitoes in arbovirus-endemic settings in south-eastern Cote d\u2019Ivoire. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005751"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61151-9","article-title":"Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases","volume":"380","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02123.x","article-title":"Introduction of Aedes albopictus in Gabon: What consequences for dengue and chikungunya transmission?","volume":"13","author":"Vazeille","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naish, S., Hu, W., Mengersen, K., and Tong, S. (2011). Spatio-temporal patterns of Barmah Forest virus disease in Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025688"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12077","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01406-14","article-title":"Combined alphavirus replicon particle vaccine induces durable and cross-protective immune responses against equine encephalitis viruses","volume":"88","author":"Reed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00546-14","article-title":"An inactivated Ross River virus vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic in an adult population in a randomized phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Wressnigg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61185-5","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine in healthy adults: A phase 1 dose-escalation trial","volume":"384","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2477","article-title":"Effect of a Chikungunya Virus-Like Particle Vaccine on Safety and Tolerability Outcomes: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"323","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8879","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00370-12","article-title":"A specific domain of the Chikungunya virus E2 protein regulates particle formation in human cells: Implications for alphavirus vaccine design","volume":"86","author":"Akahata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10600","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01166-16","article-title":"Comprehensive Genome Scale Phylogenetic Study Provides New Insights on the Global Expansion of Chikungunya Virus","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.01.026","article-title":"Chikungunya virus ECSA lineage reintroduction in the northeasternmost region of Brazil","volume":"105","author":"Xavier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phadungsombat, J., Imad, H., Rahman, M., Nakayama, E.E., Kludkleeb, S., Ponam, T., Rahim, R., Hasan, A., Poltep, K., and Yamanaka, A. (2020). A Novel Sub-Lineage of Chikungunya Virus East\/Central\/South African Genotype Indian Ocean Lineage Caused Sequential Outbreaks in Bangladesh and Thailand. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111319"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabri, A.A., Rodrigues, C., Santos, C.C.D., Chalhoub, F.L.L., Sampaio, S.A., Faria, N., Torres, M.C., Fonseca, V., Brasil, P., and Calvet, G. (2020). Co-Circulation of Two Independent Clades and Persistence of CHIKV-ECSA Genotype during Epidemic Waves in Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9120984"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25662","article-title":"Continual circulation of ECSA genotype and identification of a novel mutation I317V in the E1 gene of Chikungunya viral strains in southern India during 2015\u20132016","volume":"92","author":"Harsha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2105","article-title":"A virus-like particle vaccine for epidemic Chikungunya virus protects nonhuman primates against infection","volume":"16","author":"Akahata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01274-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01274-17","article-title":"Novel Insect-Specific Eilat Virus-Based Chimeric Vaccine Candidates Provide Durable, Mono- and Multivalent, Single-Dose Protection against Lethal Alphavirus Challenge","volume":"92","author":"Erasmus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00304","article-title":"Liposomal Delivery of the RNA Genome of a Live-Attenuated Chikungunya Virus Vaccine Candidate Provides Local, but Not Systemic Protection After One Dose","volume":"11","author":"Abeyratne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01970-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01970-16","article-title":"Mutation of the N-Terminal Region of Chikungunya Virus Capsid Protein: Implications for Vaccine Design","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.103","article-title":"The preclinical testing of a formaldehyde inactivated Ross River virus vaccine designed for use in humans","volume":"25","author":"Kistner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.125","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated whole virus Vero cell-derived Ross River virus vaccine: A randomized trial","volume":"29","author":"Aichinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10092","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201810092","article-title":"Mutating chikungunya virus non-structural protein produces potent live-attenuated vaccine candidate","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03453-13","article-title":"Novel attenuated Chikungunya vaccine candidates elicit protective immunity in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"88","author":"Hallengard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83527","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.83527","article-title":"Attenuated and vectored vaccines protect nonhuman primates against Chikungunya virus","volume":"2","author":"Roques","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30238-3","article-title":"Single-shot live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine in healthy adults: A phase 1, randomised controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Wressnigg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00775-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00775-19","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus Vaccine Candidates with Decreased Mutational Robustness Are Attenuated In Vivo and Have Compromised Transmissibility","volume":"93","author":"Carrau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6748","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03357-12","article-title":"Chikungunya virus host range E2 transmembrane deletion mutants induce protective immunity against challenge in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"87","author":"Piper","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, C.L., Hritz, J., Sun, C., Vanlandingham, D.L., Song, T.Y., Ghedin, E., Higgs, S., Klimstra, W.B., and Ryman, K.D. (2014). Deliberate attenuation of chikungunya virus by adaptation to heparan sulfate-dependent infectivity: A model for rational arboviral vaccine design. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002719"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.49","article-title":"Comparative neurovirulence of attenuated and non-attenuated strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in mice","volume":"64","author":"Ludwig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.023","article-title":"Genetically engineered, live, attenuated vaccines protect nonhuman primates against aerosol challenge with a virulent IE strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"23","author":"Reed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.044","article-title":"Neurovirulence evaluation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vaccine candidate V3526 in nonhuman primates","volume":"26","author":"Fine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Main, C.F.D., Snow, D., Mallory, R.M., Helber, S., Terpening, S., and Holley, H.P. (2008, January 25\u201328). Safety of an Attenuated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) Vaccine in Humans. Proceedings of the America Infectious Diseases Society of America 2008 Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.072","article-title":"Novel DNA-launched Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine with rearranged genome","volume":"37","author":"Tretyakova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.02.007","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine with rearranged genome resists reversion and protects non-human primates from viremia after aerosol challenge","volume":"38","author":"Tretyakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trobaugh, D.W., Sun, C., Dunn, M.D., Reed, D.S., and Klimstra, W.B. (2019). Rational design of a live-attenuated eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine through informed mutation of virulence determinants. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007584"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plante, K., Wang, E., Partidos, C.D., Weger, J., Gorchakov, R., Tsetsarkin, K., Borland, E.M., Powers, A.M., Seymour, R., and Stinchcomb, D.T. (2011). Novel chikungunya vaccine candidate with an IRES-based attenuation and host range alteration mechanism. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002142"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu014","article-title":"Chikungunya vaccine candidate is highly attenuated and protects nonhuman primates against telemetrically monitored disease following a single dose","volume":"209","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.099","article-title":"Cross-protective immunity against o\u2019nyong-nyong virus afforded by a novel recombinant chikungunya vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Partidos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.121","article-title":"A vaccine candidate for eastern equine encephalitis virus based on IRES-mediated attenuation","volume":"30","author":"Pandya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.11.013","article-title":"IRES-based Venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine candidate elicits protective immunity in mice","volume":"437","author":"Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, S.L., Russell-Lodrigue, K.E., Killeen, S.Z., Wang, E., Leal, G., Bergren, N.A., Vinet-Oliphant, H., and Weaver, S.C. (2015). IRES-Containing VEEV Vaccine Protects Cynomolgus Macaques from IE Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Aerosol Challenge. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003797"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerbois, M., Volkova, E., Forrester, N.L., Rossi, S.L., Frolov, I., and Weaver, S.C. (2013). IRES-driven expression of the capsid protein of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus TC-83 vaccine strain increases its attenuation and safety. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002197"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62084-x","article-title":"In-depth characterization of a novel live-attenuated Mayaro virus vaccine candidate using an immunocompetent mouse model of Mayaro disease","volume":"10","author":"Mota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weise, W.J., Hermance, M.E., Forrester, N., Adams, A.P., Langsjoen, R., Gorchakov, R., Wang, E., Alcorn, M.D.H., Tsetsarkin, K., and Weaver, S.C. (2014). A novel live-attenuated vaccine candidate for mayaro Fever. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002969"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.062","article-title":"Assessment of immunogenic potential of Vero adapted formalin inactivated vaccine derived from novel ECSA genotype of Chikungunya virus","volume":"27","author":"Tiwari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.072","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant E2 protein-based and whole-virus inactivated candidate vaccines against chikungunya virus","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Mohan, K. (2021, March 18). Phase-I Open Label, Dose-Escalation Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Chikungunya Vaccine in Healthy Adults of 18 to 50 Years Age: U.S National Library of Medicine, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04603131."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.090","article-title":"Immune interference after sequential alphavirus vaccine vaccinations","volume":"27","author":"Pittman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.2450","article-title":"2773. Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Vaccine","volume":"6","author":"Maryam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Rivard, R. (2021, March 18). Phase 2 Open-Label Safety and Immunogenicity Study of the Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Vaccine, Inactivated, Dried, TSI-GSD 104, Lot 2-1-89, in Healthy Adult Subjects at Risk of Exposure to Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02654509."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honnold, S.P., Bakken, R.R., Fisher, D., Lind, C.M., Cohen, J.W., Eccleston, L.T., Spurgers, K.B., Maheshwari, R.K., and Glass, P.J. (2014). Second generation inactivated eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates protect mice against a lethal aerosol challenge. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104708"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.056","article-title":"Evaluation of formalin inactivated V3526 virus with adjuvant as a next generation vaccine candidate for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"28","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.04.049","article-title":"1,5-Iodonaphthyl azide-inactivated V3526 protects against aerosol challenge with virulent venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.11.006","article-title":"A multisystem approach for development and evaluation of inactivated vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)","volume":"163","author":"Fine","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Method."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"McCarty, J. (2021, March 18). A Phase 2 Parallel-Group, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of PXVX0317 (Chikungunya Virus Virus-Like Particle Vaccine [CHIKV-VLP], Unadjuvanted or Alum-adjuvanted): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03483961."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.09.045","article-title":"Chikungunya virus-like particles are more immunogenic in a lethal AG129 mouse model compared to glycoprotein E1 or E2 subunits","volume":"31","author":"Metz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metz, S.W., Gardner, J., Geertsema, C., Le, T.T., Goh, L., Vlak, J.M., and Pijlman, G.P. (2013). Effective chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine produced in insect cells. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002124"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraswat, S., Athmaram, T.N., Parida, M., Agarwal, A., Saha, A., and Dash, P.K. (2016). Expression and Characterization of Yeast Derived Chikungunya Virus Like Particles (CHIK-VLPs) and Its Evaluation as a Potential Vaccine Candidate. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004782"},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Goonewardena, S. (2021, March 18). A Phase 1 Dose Escalation Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Monovalent Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Vaccine in Healthy Adults: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03776994."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav3113","article-title":"A virus-like particle vaccine prevents equine encephalitis virus infection in nonhuman primates","volume":"11","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"Ledgerwood, J.C.G. (2021, March 18). A Phase 1 Open Label, Dose-Escalation Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Trivalent Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Encephalitis Vaccine, VRC-WEVVLP073-00-VP, in Healthy Adults: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03879603."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00362-1","article-title":"Comparison of individual and combination DNA vaccines for B. anthracis, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"21","author":"Riemenschneider","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(96)00204-6","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccines induce mucosal IgA responses and protection from airborne infection in BALB\/c, but not C3H\/HeN mice","volume":"15","author":"Hart","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.02.020","article-title":"Boosting with an adenovirus-based vaccine improves protective efficacy against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus following DNA vaccination","volume":"24","author":"Perkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.049","article-title":"Directed molecular evolution improves the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus DNA vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Dupuy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.12.050","article-title":"Novel vaccine against Venezuelan equine encephalitis combines advantages of DNA immunization and a live attenuated vaccine","volume":"31","author":"Tretyakova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00377-09","article-title":"Identification of Western equine encephalitis virus structural proteins that confer protection after DNA vaccination","volume":"17","author":"Gauci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.060","article-title":"Immunogenicity of novel consensus-based DNA vaccines against Chikungunya virus","volume":"26","author":"Muthumani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2012.0061","article-title":"Nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) enhances protective immunity mediated by a CHIKV envelope protein expressing DNA Vaccine","volume":"26","author":"Bao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallilankaraman, K., Shedlock, D.J., Bao, H., Kawalekar, O.U., Fagone, P., Ramanathan, A.A., Ferraro, B., Stabenow, J., Vijayachari, P., and Sundaran, S.G. (2011). A DNA vaccine against chikungunya virus is protective in mice and induces neutralizing antibodies in mice and nonhuman primates. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000928"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8521060","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8521060","article-title":"A Multiagent Alphavirus DNA Vaccine Delivered by Intramuscular Electroporation Elicits Robust and Durable Virus-Specific Immune Responses in Mice and Rabbits and Completely Protects Mice against Lethal Venezuelan, Western, and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Aerosol Challenges","volume":"2018","author":"Dupuy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H., Kudchodkar, S.B., Reuschel, E.L., Asija, K., Borole, P., Ho, M., Wojtak, K., Reed, C., Ramos, S., and Bopp, N.E. (2019). Protective immunity by an engineered DNA vaccine for Mayaro virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007042"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu114","article-title":"DNA vaccine initiates replication of live attenuated chikungunya virus in vitro and elicits protective immune response in mice","volume":"209","author":"Tretyakova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw111","article-title":"Rapid and Long-Term Immunity Elicited by DNA-Encoded Antibody Prophylaxis and DNA Vaccination Against Chikungunya Virus","volume":"214","author":"Muthumani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78009-7","article-title":"Infectious RNA vaccine protects mice against chikungunya virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Szurgot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00030-11","article-title":"A DNA vaccine for venezuelan equine encephalitis virus delivered by intramuscular electroporation elicits high levels of neutralizing antibodies in multiple animal models and provides protective immunity to mice and nonhuman primates","volume":"18","author":"Dupuy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.04.077","article-title":"A Phase 1 clinical trial of a DNA vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis delivered by intramuscular or intradermal electroporation","volume":"34","author":"Hannaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.032","article-title":"Efficacy of DNA vaccination against western equine encephalitis virus infection","volume":"23","author":"Nagata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02297-13","article-title":"Liposome-antigen-nucleic acid complexes protect mice from lethal challenge with western and eastern equine encephalitis viruses","volume":"88","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.11.058","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA-based chikungunya vaccine in a phase 1 dose-ranging trial","volume":"79","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw6647","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw6647","article-title":"A lipid-encapsulated mRNA encoding a potently neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects against chikungunya infection","volume":"4","author":"Kose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"Moderna, T.X. (2021, March 18). A Phase 1, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose Ranging Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of mRNA-1944, Encoding for an Anti-Chikungunya Virus Monoclonal Antibody, in Healthy Adults: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03829384."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-353","article-title":"Functional processing and secretion of Chikungunya virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins in insect cells","volume":"8","author":"Metz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.05.004","article-title":"Subunit vaccine formulations based on recombinant envelope proteins of Chikungunya virus elicit balanced Th1\/Th2 response and virus-neutralizing antibodies in mice","volume":"167","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.086","article-title":"A recombinant measles vaccine expressing chikungunya virus-like particles is strongly immunogenic and protects mice from lethal challenge with chikungunya virus","volume":"31","author":"Brandler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1562908","article-title":"Measles-vectored vaccine approaches against viral infections: A focus on Chikungunya","volume":"18","author":"Gerke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz202","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Measles Virus-Vectored Chikungunya Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"220","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70043-5","article-title":"Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of a recombinant measles-virus-based chikungunya vaccine: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active-comparator, first-in-man trial","volume":"15","author":"Ramsauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32488-7","article-title":"Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of the measles-vectored chikungunya virus vaccine MV-CHIK: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled and active-controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"392","author":"Reisinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.054","article-title":"Chimeric alphavirus vaccine candidates for chikungunya","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9249","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00844-11","article-title":"Chimeric Chikungunya viruses are nonpathogenic in highly sensitive mouse models but efficiently induce a protective immune response","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.07.061","article-title":"Chimeric Sindbis\/eastern equine encephalitis vaccine candidates are highly attenuated and immunogenic in mice","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9278","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.17.9278-9286.2003","article-title":"Recombinant sindbis\/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly attenuated and immunogenic","volume":"77","author":"Paessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.6.2784-2796.2006","article-title":"Replication and clearance of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from the brains of animals vaccinated with chimeric SIN\/VEE viruses","volume":"80","author":"Paessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.011","article-title":"Chimeric alphavirus vaccine candidates protect mice from intranasal challenge with western equine encephalitis virus","volume":"27","author":"Atasheva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03418-13","article-title":"A novel poxvirus-based vaccine, MVA-CHIKV, is highly immunogenic and protects mice against chikungunya infection","volume":"88","author":"Cepeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weger-Lucarelli, J., Chu, H., Aliota, M.T., Partidos, C.D., and Osorio, J.E. (2014). A novel MVA vectored Chikungunya virus vaccine elicits protective immunity in mice. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002970"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Doel, P., Volz, A., Roose, J.M., Sewbalaksing, V.D., Pijlman, G.P., van Middelkoop, I., Duiverman, V., van de Wetering, E., Sutter, G., and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2014). Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing glycoprotein E2 of Chikungunya virus protects AG129 mice against lethal challenge. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003101"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.06.064","article-title":"Protective efficacy of monovalent and trivalent recombinant MVA-based vaccines against three encephalitic alphaviruses","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.108","article-title":"A complex adenovirus vaccine against chikungunya virus provides complete protection against viraemia and arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Camacho, C., Kim, Y.C., Blight, J., Lazaro Moreli, M., Montoya-Diaz, E., Huiskonen, J.T., Kummerer, B.M., and Reyes-Sandoval, A. (2019). Assessment of Immunogenicity and Neutralisation Efficacy of Viral-Vectored Vaccines Against Chikungunya Virus. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040322"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591885","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591885","article-title":"Adenoviral-Vectored Mayaro and Chikungunya Virus Vaccine Candidates Afford Partial Cross-Protection From Lethal Challenge in A129 Mouse Model","volume":"11","author":"Azar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, R.K., Preciado-Llanes, L., Azar, S.R., Lopez-Camacho, C., Reyes-Sandoval, A., and Rossi, S.L. (2019). A Single and Un-Adjuvanted Dose of a Chimpanzee Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine against Chikungunya Virus Fully Protects Mice from Lethal Disease. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040231"},{"key":"ref_212","unstructured":"Hill, A.V. (2021, March 18). Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine (CHIK001): National Library of Medicine (U.S.), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/record\/NCT03590392."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.06.056","article-title":"Intranasal immunisation with defective adenovirus serotype 5 expressing the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus E2 glycoprotein protects against airborne challenge with virulent virus","volume":"23","author":"Phillpotts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2008.0052","article-title":"CpG used as an adjuvant for an adenovirus-based Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine increases the immune response to the vector, but not to the transgene product","volume":"21","author":"Perkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Viral. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.03.042","article-title":"Complete protection of mice against a lethal dose challenge of western equine encephalitis virus after immunization with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.11.009","article-title":"Envelope protein E1 as vaccine target for western equine encephalitis virus","volume":"29","author":"Swayze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01860-12","article-title":"A chimeric vesiculo\/alphavirus is an effective alphavirus vaccine","volume":"87","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01729-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01729-16","article-title":"Recombinant Isfahan Virus and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vectors Provide Durable, Multivalent, Single-Dose Protection against Lethal Alphavirus Challenge","volume":"91","author":"Nasar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_219","unstructured":"Fierro, C. (2021, March 18). Phase 1 Vaccination Trial to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant MVA-BN-WEV Vaccine in Healthy Adult Subjects: National Library of Medicine (U.S.), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT04131595."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4253","article-title":"A chikungunya fever vaccine utilizing an insect-specific virus platform","volume":"23","author":"Erasmus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1635","article-title":"Rationalizing the development of live attenuated virus vaccines","volume":"28","author":"Lauring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rueckert, C., and Guzman, C.A. (2012). Vaccines: From empirical development to rational design. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003001"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16038","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111650108","article-title":"Arbovirus high fidelity variant loses fitness in mosquitoes and mice","volume":"108","author":"Coffey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1209","article-title":"Vaccines: Past, present and future","volume":"11","author":"Plotkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, Y.H., Byun, Y.H., Lee, K.H., Park, E.S., Lee, Y.H., Lee, Y.J., Lee, J.H., Kim, K.H., and Seong, B.L. (2013). Host defense mechanism-based rational design of live vaccine. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075043"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, S.L., Russell-Lodrigue, K.E., Plante, K.S., Bergren, N.A., Gorchakov, R., Roy, C.J., and Weaver, S.C. (2020). Rationally Attenuated Vaccines for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Protect Against Epidemic Strains with a Single Dose. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030497"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90182-1","article-title":"Development of a candidate vaccine against Ross River virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, A.K., Clennon, J.A., Vazquez-Prokopec, G., Jansen, C.C., Frentiu, F.D., Hafner, L.M., Hu, W.B., and Devine, G.J. (2020). Spatial and temporal patterns of Ross River virus in south east Queensland, Australia: Identification of hot spots at the rural-urban interface. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05411-x"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.181810","article-title":"Epidemiologic, Entomologic, and Virologic Factors of the 2014\u20132015 Ross River Virus Outbreak, Queensland, Australia","volume":"25","author":"Jansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines\u2014A new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobernik, D., and Bros, M. (2018). DNA Vaccines\u2014How Far From Clinical Use?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113605"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2016-0006","article-title":"mRNA vaccine delivery using lipid nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Reichmuth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/2051013614541440","article-title":"Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: A review of the recent advances","volume":"2","author":"Schwendener","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccin."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buschmann, M.D., Carrasco, M.J., Alishetty, S., Paige, M., Alameh, M.G., and Weissman, D. (2021). Nanomaterial Delivery Systems for mRNA Vaccines. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010065"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/5\/899\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:51:36Z","timestamp":1760161896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/5\/899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"references-count":234,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9050899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9050899","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]}}}