{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:57:07Z","timestamp":1792519027718,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010682","name":"H2020 Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017-778298-LeiSHield-MATI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017-778298-LeiSHield-MATI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010682","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Algeria ranks second after Afghanistan for the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) worldwide. Here, we report a 34-years retrospective analysis of CL in Algeria and focused on the most affected region, the M\u2019Sila province. All 66 cutaneous isolates corresponded to Leishmania (L.) major. Our study of the sandfly and rodent fauna further highlighted the high density of Phlebotomus papatasi and additional phlebotomine species of medical importance, not previously identified in M\u2019Sila. Wild rodents belonging to nine species were trapped in M\u2019Sila, and Psammomys obesus and Meriones shawi were found infected by L. major. In addition, Leishmania infantum was isolated from two visceral leishmaniasis cases, one dog and its proven vectors (P. perniciosus, P. longicuspis, and P. perfiliewi) inventoried during the survey. The high incidence of CL in the M\u2019Sila province is likely a consequence of the increase in minimum temperatures recorded that constitutes suitable conditions for establishing a high endemicity and leads to an explosive rise in leishmaniases cases in this region. A thorough investigation of the underlying risk factors is urgently needed to detect new cases earlier. All these would improve the preparedness to fight the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1619692241000},"page":"962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Algeria; Highlight on the Focus of M\u2019Sila"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Razika","family":"Benikhlef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Eco-\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie Parasitaire et G\u00e9n\u00e9tique des Populations, Route du Petit Staoueli, Institut Pasteur d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie, Dely-Brahim 16047, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche \u201cParasitologie M\u00e9dicale, Biotechnologies et Biomol\u00e9cules\u201d, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, 13, Pl Pasteur BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Aoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche \u201cParasitologie M\u00e9dicale, Biotechnologies et Biomol\u00e9cules\u201d, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, 13, Pl Pasteur BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie et d\u2019Ecologie Parasitaires, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Pl Pasteur BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelkarim","family":"Boudrissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antenne de M\u2019Sila, Institut Pasteur d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie, M\u2019sila 28000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meriem","family":"Ben Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche \u201cParasitologie M\u00e9dicale, Biotechnologies et Biomol\u00e9cules\u201d, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, 13, Pl Pasteur BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1720-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel","family":"Cherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie, Universit\u00e9 de M\u2019Sila, BP 166, M\u2019Sila 28000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafa","family":"Aissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National pour la Promotion de la Transplantation d\u2019Organes, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Rue Jebel Lakdhar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souad","family":"Benrekta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie et de M\u00e9decine Pr\u00e9ventive, Commune de Boussa\u00e2da, M\u2019sila 280001, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said C.","family":"Boubidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Eco-\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie Parasitaire et G\u00e9n\u00e9tique des Populations, Route du Petit Staoueli, Institut Pasteur d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie, Dely-Brahim 16047, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald F.","family":"Sp\u00e4th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Parasitologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Signalisation (ParSig), Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors (PIV), Institut Pasteur\/INSERM U1201, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A\u00efda","family":"Bouratbine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche \u201cParasitologie M\u00e9dicale, Biotechnologies et Biomol\u00e9cules\u201d, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, 13, Pl Pasteur BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0034-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Sereno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, University of Montpellier, InterTryp, 34000 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"IRD, University of Montpellier, MiVeGec, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoubir","family":"Harrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Eco-\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie Parasitaire et G\u00e9n\u00e9tique des Populations, Route du Petit Staoueli, Institut Pasteur d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie, Dely-Brahim 16047, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, 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