{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:28:36Z","timestamp":1789061316386,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Science","award":["01KI1313B and 01KI1014C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI1313B and 01KI1014C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human exposure to bacteria carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes through the consumption of food of animal origin is a topic which has gained increasing attention in recent years. Bacterial transmission can be enhanced, particularly in situations in which the consumer pays less attention to hygiene practices, and consumer exposure to foodborne resistant bacteria through ready-to-eat foods could be increased. It has been demonstrated that even methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria, which have low prevalence and concentration in raw chicken meat in Germany, may reach the consumer during barbecue events after failures in hygiene practices. This study aimed to quantify the consumer exposure to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) or ampicillinase class C (AmpC) beta-lactamase-producing E. coli in Germany through the consumption of chicken meat and bread during household barbecues. The study considered cross-contamination and recontamination processes from raw chicken meat by using a previously-developed probabilistic consumer exposure model. In addition, a comparative analysis of consumer exposure was carried out between ESBL-\/AmpC-producing E. coli and MRSA. Our results demonstrated that the probability of ESBL-\/AmpC-producing E. coli reaching the consumer was 1.85 \u00d7 10\u22125 with the number of bacteria in the final serving averaging 332. Given the higher prevalence and concentration of ESBL-\/AmpC-producing E. coli in raw chicken meat at retail compared to MRSA, comparative exposure assessment showed that the likelihood and extent of exposure were significantly higher for ESBL-\/AmpC-producing E. coli than for MRSA. ESBL-\/AmpC-producing E. coli was determined to be 7.6 times likelier (p-value &lt; 0.01) than MRSA to reach the consumer, with five times the concentration of bacteria in the final serving (p-value &lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T22:46:14Z","timestamp":1620859574000},"page":"1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Consumer Exposure to Resistant Bacteria through Chicken Meat Consumption in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Plaza-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7519-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavio","family":"Mesa-Varona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8619-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam","family":"Grobbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd-Alois","family":"Tenhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2966-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemarie","family":"Kaesbohrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Unit for Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2019). 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