{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:40Z","timestamp":1787029000252,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that can lead to disability conditions with swollen joints, pain, stiffness, cartilage degradation, and osteoporosis. Genetic, epigenetic, sex-specific factors, smoking, air pollution, food, oral hygiene, periodontitis, Prevotella, and imbalance in the gastrointestinal microbiota are possible sources of the initiation or progression of rheumatoid arthritis, although the detailed mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. are commonly used as alleviating agents or food supplements to manage diarrhea, dysentery, develop immunity, and maintain general health. The mechanism of action of Lactobacillus spp. against rheumatoid arthritis is still not clearly known to date. In this narrative review, we recapitulate the findings of recent studies to understand the overall pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and the roles of probiotics, particularly L. casei or L. acidophilus, in the management of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical and preclinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T23:17:16Z","timestamp":1621207036000},"page":"1070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Probiotics and Amelioration of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Significant Roles of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alok K.","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology &amp; Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rownak","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology &amp; Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khoshnur","family":"Jannat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology &amp; Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tohmina A.","family":"Bondhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology &amp; Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology &amp; Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veeranoot","family":"Nissapatorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), and Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria L.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials &amp; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polrat","family":"Wilairatana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0216-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Rahmatullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology &amp; Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NIAMS (2020, December 23). 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