{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:11:53Z","timestamp":1790413913233,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite promising health effects, the probiotic status of Streptococcus thermophilus, a lactic acid bacterium widely used in dairy industry, requires further documentation of its physiological status during human gastrointestinal passage. This study aimed to apply recombinant-based in vivo technology (R-IVET) to identify genes triggered in a S. thermophilus LMD-9 reference strain under simulated digestive conditions. First, the R-IVET chromosomal cassette and plasmid genomic library were designed to positively select activated genes. Second, recombinant clones were introduced into complementary models mimicking the human gut, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) gastrointestinal model imitating the human stomach and small intestine, the Caco-2 TC7 cell line as a model of intestinal epithelium, and anaerobic batch cultures of human feces as a colon model. All inserts of activated clones displayed a promoter activity that differed from one digestive condition to another. Our results also showed that S. thermophilus adapted its metabolism to stressful conditions found in the gastric and colonic competitive environment and modified its surface proteins during adhesion to Caco-2 TC7 cells. Activated genes were investigated in a collection of S. thermophilus strains showing various resistance levels to gastrointestinal stresses, a first stage in the identification of gut resistance markers and a key step in probiotic selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:01:20Z","timestamp":1621814480000},"page":"1113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identification of Streptococcus thermophilus Genes Specifically Expressed under Simulated Human Digestive Conditions Using R-IVET Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Oph\u00e9lie","family":"Uriot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7488 Calbinotox Compos\u00e9s Alimentaires Biofonctionnalit\u00e9s &amp; Risque Neurotoxique, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"},{"name":"UMR 454 MEDIS Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mounira","family":"Kebouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7488 Calbinotox Compos\u00e9s Alimentaires Biofonctionnalit\u00e9s &amp; Risque Neurotoxique, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Lorson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7488 Calbinotox Compos\u00e9s Alimentaires Biofonctionnalit\u00e9s &amp; Risque Neurotoxique, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4815-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wessam","family":"Galia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7488 Calbinotox Compos\u00e9s Alimentaires Biofonctionnalit\u00e9s &amp; Risque Neurotoxique, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"},{"name":"UMR 5557 Microbial Ecology, Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L\u2019Etoile, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 MEDIS Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Chalancon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 MEDIS Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2216-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeeshan","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7488 Calbinotox Compos\u00e9s Alimentaires Biofonctionnalit\u00e9s &amp; Risque Neurotoxique, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3402-0555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emeline","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7488 Calbinotox Compos\u00e9s Alimentaires Biofonctionnalit\u00e9s &amp; Risque Neurotoxique, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"},{"name":"INRIA\/IRISA, GenScale Bioinformatics Team, 35042 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7768-6360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magali","family":"Genay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7488 Calbinotox Compos\u00e9s Alimentaires Biofonctionnalit\u00e9s &amp; Risque Neurotoxique, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Blanquet-Diot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 MEDIS Microbiology, Digestive Environment and Health, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Dary-Mourot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7488 Calbinotox Compos\u00e9s Alimentaires Biofonctionnalit\u00e9s &amp; Risque Neurotoxique, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Xu, T., Qu, X., Hu, T., Jiang, X., and Zhao, C. (2016). New Insights into Various Production Characteristics of Streptococcus Thermophilus Strains. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101701"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1034","article-title":"Complete Sequence and Comparative Genome Analysis of the Dairy Bacterium Streptococcus Thermophilus","volume":"22","author":"Bolotin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2010). EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the Substantiation of Health Claims Related to Live Yoghurt Cultures and Improved Lactose Digestion (ID 1143, 2976) Pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 8, 1763."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051428","article-title":"Should Yoghurt Cultures Be Considered Probiotic?","volume":"93","author":"Guarner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics Consensus Statement on the Scope and Appropriate Use of the Term Probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization (2021, May 20). Joint FAO\/WHO Working Group Report on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food; Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: 2002. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/foodsafety\/fs_management\/en\/probiotic_guidelines.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.07.006","article-title":"Streptococcus Thermophilus and Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp. Bulgaricus Survive Gastrointestinal Transit of Healthy Volunteers Consuming Yogurt","volume":"250","author":"Mater","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02950-05","article-title":"Survival of Yogurt Bacteria in the Human Gut","volume":"72","author":"Elli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"M593","article-title":"In Vivo Study of the Survival of Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp. Bulgaricus CECT 4005T and Streptococcus Thermophilus CECT 801 by DVC-FISH after Consumption of Fermented Milk","volume":"77","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinovi\u0107, A., Cocuzzi, R., Arioli, S., and Mora, D. (2020). Streptococcus Thermophilus: To Survive, or Not to Survive the Gastrointestinal Tract, That Is the Question!. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082175"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2012.02593.x","article-title":"Probiotics, Their Health Benefits and Applications for Developing Healthier Foods: A Review","volume":"334","author":"Nagpal","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-015-0229-1","article-title":"A Proposed Framework for an Appropriate Evaluation Scheme for Microorganisms as Novel Foods with a Health Claim in Europe","volume":"14","author":"Miquel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couvigny, B., Th\u00e9rial, C., Gautier, C., Renault, P., Briandet, R., and Gu\u00e9don, E. (2015). Streptococcus Thermophilus Biofilm Formation: A Remnant Trait of Ancestral Commensal Life?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128099"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0108","article-title":"Prophage-Mediated Modulation of Interaction of Streptococcus Thermophilus J34 with Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Its Competition against Human Pathogens","volume":"7","author":"Guigas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.02.006","article-title":"A Large Scale in Vitro Screening of Streptococcus Thermophilus Strains Revealed Strains with a High Anti-Inflammatory Potential","volume":"70","author":"Junjua","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7322-1","article-title":"Implication of Sortase-Dependent Proteins of Streptococcus Thermophilus in Adhesion to Human Intestinal Epithelial Cell Lines and Bile Salt Tolerance","volume":"100","author":"Kebouchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.07.038","article-title":"Streptococcus Thermophilus: From Yogurt Starter to a New Promising Probiotic Candidate?","volume":"37","author":"Uriot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.05.007","article-title":"Use of the Dynamic Gastro-Intestinal Model TIM to Explore the Survival of the Yogurt Bacterium Streptococcus Thermophilus and the Metabolic Activities Induced in the Simulated Human Gut","volume":"53","author":"Uriot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01840-3","article-title":"First Insight into the Probiotic Properties of Ten Streptococcus Thermophilus Strains Based on In Vitro Conditions","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10288","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.168666","article-title":"Impact of the Metabolic Activity of Streptococcus Thermophilus on the Colon Epithelium of Gnotobiotic Rats","volume":"286","author":"Rul","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, M., Wrzosek, L., Ben-Yahia, L., Noordine, M.-L., Gitton, C., Chevret, D., Langella, P., Mayeur, C., Cherbuy, C., and Rul, F. (2011). Carbohydrate Metabolism Is Essential for the Colonization of Streptococcus Thermophilus in the Digestive Tract of Gnotobiotic Rats. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028789"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.7.2634","article-title":"Use of Genetic Recombination as a Reporter of Gene Expression","volume":"91","author":"Camilli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12376","article-title":"Development of the Recombinase-Based in Vivo Expression Technology in Streptococcus Thermophilus and Validation Using the Lactose Operon Promoter","volume":"116","author":"Junjua","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81551-2","article-title":"Regulation and Temporal Expression Patterns of Vibrio Cholerae Virulence Genes during Infection","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.17.5721-5729.2004","article-title":"Identification of Lactobacillus Plantarum Genes that Are Induced in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice","volume":"186","author":"Bron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.2.972-980.2005","article-title":"Second-Generation Recombination-Based in Vivo Expression Technology for Large-Scale Screening for Vibrio Cholerae Genes Induced during Infection of the Mouse Small Intestine","volume":"73","author":"Osorio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koguchi, H., Ishigami, N., Sakanaka, M., Yoshida, K., Hiratou, S., Shimada, M., Fukiya, S., Sonoyama, K., and Yokota, A. (2020). Application of Recombinase-Based in Vivo Expression Technology to Bifidobacterium Longum Subsp. Longum for Identification of Genes Induced in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030410"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.08.001","article-title":"Relevance and Challenges in Modeling Human Gastric and Small Intestinal Digestion","volume":"30","author":"Guerra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms3040725","article-title":"Dynamic in Vitro Models of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract as Relevant Tools to Assess the Survival of Probiotic Strains and Their Interactions with Gut Microbiota","volume":"3","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naimi, S., Zirah, S., Hammami, R., Fernandez, B., Rebuffat, S., and Fliss, I. (2018). Fate and Biological Activity of the Antimicrobial Lasso Peptide Microcin J25 Under Gastrointestinal Tract Conditions. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01764"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-005-0085-6","article-title":"The Caco-2 Cell Line as a Model of the Intestinal Barrier: Influence of Cell and Culture-Related Factors on Caco-2 Cell Functional Characteristics","volume":"21","author":"Sambuy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1128\/am.29.6.807-813.1975","article-title":"Improved Medium for Lactic Streptococci and Their Bacteriophages","volume":"29","author":"Terzaghi","year":"1975","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00257-09","article-title":"The Oligopeptide Transport System Is Essential for the Development of Natural Competence in Streptococcus Thermophilus Strain LMD-9","volume":"191","author":"Gardan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607117103","article-title":"Comparative Genomics of the Lactic Acid Bacteria","volume":"103","author":"Makarova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1006\/plas.2001.1532","article-title":"Thermosensitive Suicide Vectors for Gene Replacement in Streptococcus Suis","volume":"46","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.14.4553-4558.1997","article-title":"Occurrence of Deletions, Associated with Genetic Instability in Streptomyces Ambofaciens, Is Independent of the Linearity of the Chromosomal DNA","volume":"179","author":"Fischer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., Maniatis, T., and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6704-0","article-title":"Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Infection Has Donor-Dependent Effect on Human Gut Microbiota and May Be Antagonized by Probiotic Yeast during Interaction with Peyer\u2019s Patches","volume":"99","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Li, R.W. (2011). Automatic Annotation of Microbial Genomes and Metagenomic Sequences. Metagenomics and Its Applications in Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environmental Studies, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D366","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp911","article-title":"PhiSITE: Database of Gene Regulation in Bacteriophages","volume":"38","author":"Klucar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(76)90055-6","article-title":"A Colony Bank Containing Synthetic CoI EI Hybrid Plasmids Representative of the Entire E. Coli Genome","volume":"9","author":"Clarke","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2012.0012","article-title":"Growth Advantage of Streptococcus Thermophilus over Lactobacillus Bulgaricus in Vitro and in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Gnotobiotic Rats","volume":"3","author":"Mayeur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). NCBI Conserved Domain Search, Available online: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Structure\/cdd\/wrpsb.cgi?INPUT_TYPE=live&SEQUENCE=WP_011226850.1."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200402109","article-title":"A Study of Streptococcus Thermophilus Proteome by Integrated Analytical Procedures and Differential Expression Investigations","volume":"6","author":"Arena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.02.024","article-title":"Diversity of Stress Responses in Dairy Thermophilic Streptococci","volume":"124","author":"Zotta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7912","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01900-07","article-title":"Effects of Granule-Associated Protein PhaP on Glycerol-Dependent Growth and Polymer Production in Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)-Producing Escherichia Coli","volume":"73","author":"Nikel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). NCBI Conserved Domain Search, Available online: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Structure\/cdd\/wrpsb.cgi?INPUT_TYPE=live&SEQUENCE=WP_011681262.1."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7024","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)62717-1","article-title":"Peptidoglycan Synthetic Activities in Membranes of Escherichia Coli Caused by Overproduction of Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 and RodA Protein","volume":"261","author":"Ishino","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00766.x","article-title":"Control of Cell Shape and Elongation by the RodA Gene in Bacillus Subtilis","volume":"28","author":"Henriques","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). NCBI Conserved Domain Search, Available online: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Structure\/cdd\/wrpsb.cgi?INPUT_TYPE=live&SEQUENCE=WP_011681478.1."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00124-08","article-title":"Implication of an Outer Surface Lipoprotein in Adhesion of Bifidobacterium Bifidum to Caco-2 Cells","volume":"74","author":"Guglielmetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2020, May 16). NCBI Conserved Domain Search, Available online: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Structure\/cdd\/wrpsb.cgi?INPUT_TYPE=live&SEQUENCE=ABJ65842.1."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.10.007","article-title":"Cutting It Close: CRISPR-Associated Endoribonuclease Structure and Function","volume":"40","author":"Hochstrasser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8844","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01057-07","article-title":"Control of the Transcription of a Short Gene Encoding a Cyclic Peptide in Streptococcus Thermophilus: A New Quorum-Sensing System?","volume":"189","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/006205-0","article-title":"A Genome-Wide Survey of Short Coding Sequences in Streptococci","volume":"153","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Read. Engl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanin, A., Sava, I., Bao, Y., Huebner, J., Hartke, A., Auffray, Y., and Sauvageot, N. (2010). Screening of in Vivo Activated Genes in Enterococcus Faecalis during Insect and Mouse Infections and Growth in Urine. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011879"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05964-11","article-title":"Use of Recombinase-Based in Vivo Expression Technology to Characterize Enterococcus Faecalis Gene Expression during Infection Identifies in Vivo-Expressed Antisense RNAs and Implicates the Protease Eep in Pathogenesis","volume":"80","author":"Frank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). NCBI Conserved Domain Search, Available online: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Structure\/cdd\/wrpsb.cgi?INPUT_TYPE=live&SEQUENCE=WP_011681073.1."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2021, May 07). NCBI Conserved Domain Search, Available online: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Structure\/cdd\/wrpsb.cgi?INPUT_TYPE=live&SEQUENCE=WP_011681604.1."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2016.00027","article-title":"Catalytic Promiscuity of the Radical S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Enzyme NosL","volume":"4","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2008\/022772-0","article-title":"Structure and Function of the LysR-Type Transcriptional Regulator (LTTR) Family Proteins","volume":"154","author":"Maddocks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Read. Engl."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/6\/1113\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:05:29Z","timestamp":1760162729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/6\/1113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9061113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9061113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]}}}