{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:22:15Z","timestamp":1791411735397,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology of the Lebanese University","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health-Ricerca Corrente IZS","award":["SI 04\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SI 04\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mastitis is an infectious disease encountered in dairy animals worldwide that is currently a growing concern in Lebanon. This study aimed at investigating the etiology of the main mastitis-causing pathogens in Northern Lebanon, determining their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and identifying their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. A total of 101 quarter milk samples were collected from 77 cows and 11 goats presenting symptoms of mastitis on 45 dairy farms. Bacterial identification was carried out through matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Molecular characterization included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for genes encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC among Enterobacterales isolates, and virulence factors among Staphylococcus isolates. Escherichia coli isolates were subjected to phylogenetic typing by a quadruplex PCR method. The most frequently identified species were Streptococcus uberis (19.2%), Streptococcus agalactiae (15.1%), E. coli (12.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (10.96%). Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to macrolides and tetracycline, whereas gram-negative bacteria displayed resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. Two ESBL genes, blaTEM (83.3%) and blaOXA (16.7%), and one AmpC beta-lactamase gene, blaCMY-II (16.7%), were detected among six E. coli isolates, which mainly belonged to phylogenetic group B1. Among Staphylococcus spp., the mecA gene was present in three isolates. Furthermore, four isolates contained at least one toxin gene, and all S. aureus isolates carried the ica operon. These findings revealed the alarming risk of AMR in the Lebanese dairy chain and the importance of monitoring antimicrobial usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T04:30:46Z","timestamp":1622089846000},"page":"1148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Bacterial Pathogens from Bovine and Caprine Mastitis in Northern Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5941-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahie","family":"Abboud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Microbiologie Sant\u00e9 et Environnement, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Galuppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6043-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Tolone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2084-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3461-3353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Puleio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Microbiologie Sant\u00e9 et Environnement, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido Ruggero","family":"Loria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monzer","family":"Hamze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Microbiologie Sant\u00e9 et Environnement, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banos, G., Bramis, G., Bush, S.J., Clark, E.L., McCulloch, M.E.B., Smith, J., Schulze, G., Arsenos, G., Hume, D.A., and Psifidi, A. (2017). The genomic architecture of mastitis resistance in dairy sheep. BMC Genom., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3982-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghamohammadi, M., Haine, D., Kelton, D.F., Barkema, H.W., Hogeveen, H., Keefe, G.P., and Dufour, S. (2018). Herd-Level mastitis-associated costs on canadian dairy farms. Front. Vet. 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