{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:09:11Z","timestamp":1772168951710,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The thymus gland is a primary lymphoid organ for T-cell development. Various viral infections can result in disturbance of thymic functions. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are important for the negative selection of self-reactive T-cells to ensure central tolerance. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is the dominant self-peptide of the insulin family expressed in mTECs and plays a crucial role in the intra-thymic programing of central tolerance to insulin-secreting islet \u03b2-cells. Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) can infect and persist in the thymus of humans and mice, thus hampering the T-cell maturation and differentiation process. The modulation of IGF2 expression and protein synthesis during a CVB4 infection has been observed in vitro and in vivo in mouse models. The effect of CVB4 infections on human and mouse fetal thymus has been studied in vitro. Moreover, following the inoculation of CVB4 in pregnant mice, the thymic function in the fetus and offspring was disturbed. A defect in the intra-thymic expression of self-peptides by mTECs may be triggered by CVB4. The effects of viral infections, especially CVB4 infection, on thymic cells and functions and their possible role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T01:51:37Z","timestamp":1622425897000},"page":"1177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effect of Coxsackievirus B4 Infection on the Thymus: Elucidating Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4260-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 82911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2981-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magloire Pandoua","family":"Nekoua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Michaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Famara","family":"Sane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aymen","family":"Halouani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Universit\u00e9 de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilka","family":"Engelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enagnon Kazali","family":"Alidjinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5912-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hela","family":"Jaidane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Universit\u00e9 de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Geenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Hober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000911","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Picornaviridae","volume":"98","author":"Zell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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