{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:02:40Z","timestamp":1760234560640,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI062629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI062629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) is a significant line of defense against bioterrorist attack from Bacillus anthracis spores. However, in a subset of individuals, this vaccine may produce a suboptimal quantity of anti-protective antigen (PA), antibodies that are poorly neutralizing, and\/or antibody titers that wane over time, necessitating annual boosters. To study individuals with such poor responses, we examine the properties of anti-PA in a subset of vaccinated individuals that make significant quantities of antibody but are still unable to neutralize toxin. In this cohort, characterized by poorly neutralizing antibody, we find that increased IgG4 to IgG1 subclass ratios, low antibody avidity, and insufficient antibody targeting domain 4 associate with improper neutralization. Thus, future vaccines and vaccination schedules should be formulated to improve these deficiencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:38:39Z","timestamp":1622630319000},"page":"1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Insufficient Anthrax Lethal Toxin Neutralization Is Associated with Antibody Subclass and Domain Specificity in the Plasma of Anthrax-Vaccinated Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Garman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genes and Human Disease, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Muther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angie","family":"Duke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata J. M.","family":"Engler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limone C.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Spooner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Guthridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9574-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith A.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, 1000 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2004). Anthrax in Humans and Animals, World Health Organization. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10254-004-0028-2","article-title":"Anthrax toxins","volume":"152","author":"Mourez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00897.x","article-title":"In vitro correlate of immunity in an animal model of inhalational anthrax","volume":"87","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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