{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T20:34:22Z","timestamp":1782333262176,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002753","name":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["47050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["47050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002753","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AV\/PP0018\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AV\/PP0018\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pintomyia evansi is recognized by its vectorial competence in the transmission of parasites that cause fatal visceral leishmaniasis in rural and urban environments of the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The effect on and the variation of the gut microbiota in female P. evansi infected with Leishmania infantum were evaluated under experimental conditions using 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. In the coinfection assay with L. infantum, 96.8% of the midgut microbial population was composed mainly of Proteobacteria (71.0%), followed by Cyanobacteria (20.4%), Actinobacteria (2.7%), and Firmicutes (2.7%). In insect controls (uninfected with L. infantum) that were treated or not with antibiotics, Ralstonia was reported to have high relative abundance (55.1\u201364.8%), in contrast to guts with a high load of infection from L. infantum (23.4\u201335.9%).\u00a0ASVs that moderately increased in guts infected with Leishmania were Bacillus and Aeromonas. Kruskal\u2013Wallis nonparametric variance statistical inference showed statistically significant intergroup differences in the guts of P. evansi infected and uninfected with L. infantum (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting that some individuals of the microbiota could induce or restrict Leishmania infection. This assay also showed a negative effect of the antibiotic treatment and L. infantum infection on the gut microbiota diversity. Endosymbionts, such as Microsporidia infections (&lt;2%), were more often associated with guts without Leishmania infection, whereas Arsenophonus was only found in guts with a high load of Leishmania infection and treated with antibiotics. Finally, this is the first report that showed the potential role of intestinal microbiota in natural populations of P. evansi in susceptibility to L. infantum infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T11:12:13Z","timestamp":1622805133000},"page":"1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Natural Populations of Pintomyia evansi under Experimental Infection with Leishmania infantum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-4097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Jos\u00e9","family":"Vivero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospecci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medell\u00edn, Street 59A #63\u201320, Medell\u00edn 050003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2676-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Alfonso","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Monsalve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospecci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medell\u00edn, Street 59A #63\u201320, Medell\u00edn 050003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Sucre, Street 16B #13B-80, Sincelejo, Sucre 700001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"D. Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Cadavid-Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospecci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medell\u00edn, Street 59A #63\u201320, Medell\u00edn 050003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8132-5223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Ximena","family":"Moreno-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospecci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medell\u00edn, Street 59A #63\u201320, Medell\u00edn 050003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001014","article-title":"Leishmania, microbiota and sand fly immunity","volume":"145","author":"Telleria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-020-00184-x","article-title":"Bacteria composition and diversity in the gut of sand fly: Impact on Leishmania and sand fly development","volume":"41","author":"Omondi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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