{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:24:47Z","timestamp":1790738687192,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FIOCRUZ \u2013 INOVA Program","award":["P.C. Grant # VPPCB-007-FIO-18-2-74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P.C. Grant # VPPCB-007-FIO-18-2-74"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P.C. Emergentes grant # E-26\/010.002168\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P.C. Emergentes grant # E-26\/010.002168\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P.C. JCNE E-26\/201.545\/2014 and JCNE E-26\/203.253\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P.C. JCNE E-26\/201.545\/2014 and JCNE E-26\/203.253\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Sediadas grant # E-26\/010.101083\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sediadas grant # E-26\/010.101083\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P.C. Universal grant No. 448007\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P.C. Universal grant No. 448007\/2014-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P.C. PQ Process No. 305796\/2017-8 and PQ Process No. 312573\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P.C. PQ Process No. 305796\/2017-8 and PQ Process No. 312573\/2020-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FIOCRUZ -PAEF","award":["Grant # IOC-023-FIO-18-2-63"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant # IOC-023-FIO-18-2-63"]}]},{"name":"MINCIENCIAS","award":["F.G.A Grant 2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.G.A Grant 2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malnutrition is a risk factor for developing visceral leishmaniasis and its severe forms. Our group demonstrated that malnourished animals infected with Leishmania infantum had severe atrophies in lymphoid organs and T cell subpopulations as well as altered levels of thymic and splenic chemotactic factors, all of which resulted in dysfunctional lymphoid microenvironments that promoted parasite proliferation. Here, we hypothesize that malnutrition preceding parasite infection leads to structural and immunological changes in the gut mucosae, resulting in a failure in the immune response sensed in the intestine. To evaluate this, we analyzed the immunopathological events resulting from protein malnutrition in the guts of BALB\/c mice infected with L. infantum. We observed lymphocytic\/lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrates and lymphoid hyperplasia in the duodenum of well-nourished-infected mice; such alterations were worsened when malnutrition preceded infection. Parasite infection induced a significant increase of duodenal immunoglobulin A (IgA) of well-nourished animals, but those levels were significantly decreased in malnourished-infected mice. In addition, increased levels of Th17-related cytokines in duodenums of malnourished animals supported local inflammation. Together, our results suggest that the gut plays a potential role in responses to L. infantum infection\u2014and that such responses are impaired in malnourished individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T02:55:28Z","timestamp":1623380128000},"page":"1270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Malnutrition Aggravates Alterations Observed in the Gut Structure and Immune Response of Mice Infected with Leishmania infantum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Felipe","family":"Gait\u00e1n-Albarrac\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Hormonas, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogot\u00e1, 111321 Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Losada-Barrag\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biolog\u00eda Celular y Funcional e Ingenier\u00eda de Biomol\u00e9culas, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, 111511 Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalia","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Dur\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7972-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Arcila-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Hormonas, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogot\u00e1, 111321 Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo C.","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7188-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda N.","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinicius de Frias","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inflama\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9262-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Uma\u00f1a-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Hormonas, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogot\u00e1, 111321 Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6245-4185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Cuervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.04.003","article-title":"Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition","volume":"37","author":"Bourke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91725-3","article-title":"Leishmania donovani: An opportunistic microbe associated with progressive disease in three immunocompromised patients","volume":"1","author":"Badaro","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90430-5","article-title":"Rectal leishmaniasis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0203064","article-title":"Multinutrient undernutrition dysregulates the resident macrophage proinflammatory cytokine network, nuclear factor-kappaB activation, and nitric oxide production","volume":"74","author":"Anstead","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4709","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.8.4709-4718.2001","article-title":"Malnutrition alters the innate immune response and increases early visceralization following Leishmania donovani infection","volume":"69","author":"Anstead","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, M.K., Barnes, J.L., Anstead, G.M., Jimenez, F., Travi, B.L., Peniche, A.G., Osorio, E.Y., Ahuja, S.S., and Melby, P.C. (2013). The malnutrition-related increase in early visceralization of Leishmania donovani is associated with a reduced number of lymph node phagocytes and altered conduit system flow. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002329"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00119-16","article-title":"Impact of Childhood Malnutrition on Host Defense and Infection","volume":"30","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuervo-Escobar, S., Losada-Barragan, M., Umana-Perez, A., Porrozzi, R., Saboia-Vahia, L., Miranda, L.H., Morgado, F.N., Menezes, R.C., Sanchez-Gomez, M., and Cuervo, P. (2014). T-cell populations and cytokine expression are impaired in thymus and spleen of protein malnourished BALB\/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114584"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45991","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45991","article-title":"Protein malnutrition promotes dysregulation of molecules involved in T cell migration in the thymus of mice infected with Leishmania infantum","volume":"7","author":"Berbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2019.103492","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of splenic interstitial fluid of malnourished mice infected with Leishmania infantum reveals defects on cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory response","volume":"208","author":"Azevedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00252","article-title":"Thymic Microenvironment Is Modified by Malnutrition and Leishmania infantum Infection","volume":"9","author":"Duraes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01862-14","article-title":"Expression of regulatory T cells in jejunum, colon, and cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum","volume":"82","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X311858","article-title":"Bacterial infections in children with visceral leishmaniasis: Observations made in Kerman province, southern Iran, between 1997 and 2007","volume":"102","author":"Barati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.53","article-title":"Asymptomatic colitis in naturally infected dogs with Leishmania infantum: A prospective study","volume":"76","author":"Rallis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822010000400011","article-title":"Cytokine expression in the duodenal mucosa of patients with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"43","author":"Luz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.022","article-title":"Detection and quantification of Leishmania infantum in naturally and experimentally infected animal samples","volume":"226","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Carson, F.L., and Cappellano, C.H. (2015). Histotechnology: A self-Instructional Text, American Society for Clinical Pathology, ASCP Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4987-4","article-title":"Occurrence of Leishmania infantum and associated histological alterations in the genital tract and mammary glands of naturally infected dogs","volume":"115","author":"Boechat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10213","article-title":"Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system","volume":"474","author":"Kau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639304","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/639304","article-title":"Differential Regulation of the Immune Response in the Spleen and Liver of Mice Infected with Leishmania donovani","volume":"2012","author":"Bankoti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061141","article-title":"Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"204","author":"Nylen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"340","article-title":"Sustained parasite burden in the spleen of Leishmania infantum-infected BALB\/c mice is accompanied by expression of MCP-1 transcripts and lack of protection against challenge","volume":"12","author":"Rousseau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2009007500037","article-title":"Cardiac and pulmonary alterations in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs infected naturally with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi","volume":"43","author":"Alves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70833-3","article-title":"Atypical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with HIV in north Ethiopia: A gap in guidelines for the management of opportunistic infections in resource poor settings","volume":"15","author":"Diro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, V.D.C., Boechat, V.C., Mendes, A.A.V., Madeira, M.F., Ferreira, L.C., Figueiredo, F.B., Campos, M.P., de Rodrigues, F.D.C.C., de Oliveira, R.V.C., and Amendoeira, M.R.R. (2017). Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: Parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175588"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, G., Gong, A.Y., Roth, A.L., Huang, B.Q., Ward, H.D., Zhu, G., Larusso, N.F., Hanson, N.D., and Chen, X.M. (2013). Release of luminal exosomes contributes to TLR4-mediated epithelial antimicrobial defense. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003261"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Liu, H., Yin, J., Zhang, X.T., Gong, A.Y., Chen, X., Chen, S., Mathy, N.W., and Cao, J. (2019). Induction of Inflammatory Responses in Splenocytes by Exosomes Released from Intestinal Epithelial Cells following Cryptosporidium parvum Infection. Infect. Immun., 87.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00705-18"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.12.010","article-title":"The evaluation of serum leptin level and other hormonal parameters in children with severe malnutrition","volume":"37","author":"Kilic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/109.4.613","article-title":"Effects of dietary composition on somatomedin activity in growing rats","volume":"109","author":"Reeves","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830512Y.0000000036","article-title":"Effects of early protein malnutrition and environmental stimulation on behavioral and biochemical parameters in rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze test","volume":"16","author":"Soares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/30.12.1944","article-title":"Effect of moderate malnutrition on concentrations of immunoglobulins and enzymes in tears and saliva of young Colombian children","volume":"30","author":"McMurray","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.08.025","article-title":"Protein energy malnutrition alters mucosal IgA responses and reduces mucosal vaccine efficacy in mice","volume":"190","author":"Rho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.55.2.166","article-title":"Secretory and serum IgA in children with protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"55","author":"Sirisinha","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02779.x","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of human serum immunoglobulin A: Anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory activities in human monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"140","author":"Olas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.5.1278.1278","article-title":"Human serum IgA downregulates the release of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6) in human monocytes","volume":"83","author":"Wolf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.57.6.875","article-title":"Dual function of human IgA antibodies: Inhibition of phagocytosis in circulating neutrophils and enhancement of responses in IL-8-stimulated cells","volume":"57","author":"Nikolova","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.144.5.1227","article-title":"Suppression of leukocyte chemotaxis by human IgA myeloma components","volume":"144","author":"Williams","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"423","article-title":"Suppression by IgA of IgG-mediated phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes","volume":"34","author":"Wilton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, R.C. (2010). Role of IgA and IgA fc receptors in inflammation. J. Clin. Immunol., 30.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9397-2"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/nri982","article-title":"Intestinal IgA synthesis: Regulation of front-line body defences","volume":"3","author":"Fagarasan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2014.2639","article-title":"The unexplored roles of human serum IgA","volume":"33","author":"Leong","year":"2014","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053238","article-title":"IgA Function in Relation to the Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"36","author":"Macpherson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9357-x","article-title":"Selective IgA deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Yel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiberg, D., Basic, M., Smoczek, M., Bode, U., Bornemann, M., and Buettner, M. (2018). Participation of the spleen in the IgA immune response in the gut. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205247"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4666","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200955","article-title":"Th17 cells upregulate polymeric Ig receptor and intestinal IgA and contribute to intestinal homeostasis","volume":"189","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0056-x","article-title":"Defective IgA response to atypical intestinal commensals in IL-21 receptor deficiency reshapes immune cell homeostasis and mucosal immunity","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.010","article-title":"Diet dominates host genotype in shaping the murine gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Carmody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6ra14","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000322","article-title":"The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: A metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice","volume":"1","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504887113","article-title":"Composition of the gut microbiota modulates the severity of malaria","volume":"113","author":"Villarino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12598","article-title":"IL-17: Overview and role in oral immunity and microbiome","volume":"23","author":"Abusleme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646723","article-title":"IL-17 and IL-22 in immunity: Driving protection and pathology","volume":"47","author":"Eyerich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21248","article-title":"IL-23\/IL-17 axis in IBD","volume":"16","author":"Sarra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.08.019","article-title":"Differential Roles for Interleukin-23 and Interleukin-17 in Intestinal Immunoregulation","volume":"43","author":"Maxwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1736","article-title":"A protective function for interleukin 17A in T cell-mediated intestinal inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Kamanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16460","article-title":"Interleukin-22 promotes intestinal-stem-cell-mediated epithelial regeneration","volume":"528","author":"Lindemans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0448-1","article-title":"IL-22: A critical mediator in mucosal host defense","volume":"87","author":"Aujla","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/6\/1270\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:13:10Z","timestamp":1760163190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/6\/1270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9061270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9061270","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]}}}