{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T20:14:00Z","timestamp":1792872840004,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Newton-Utafiti Fund project BB\/S004890\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Newton-Utafiti Fund project BB\/S004890\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/P024270\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P024270\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kenya\u2019s National Research Fund (NRF)","award":["NUF\/ NRF-BBSRC CALL 1\/1\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NUF\/ NRF-BBSRC CALL 1\/1\/02"]}]},{"name":"DELTAS Africa Initiative","award":["DEL-15-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107742\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107742\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are major constraints to camel health and production, yet epidemiological data on their diversity and impact on dromedary camels remain limited. We surveyed the diversity of ticks and TBPs associated with camels and co-grazing sheep at 12 sites in Marsabit County, northern Kenya. We screened blood and ticks (858 pools) from 296 camels and 77 sheep for bacterial and protozoan TBPs by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products. Hyalomma (75.7%), Amblyomma (17.6%) and Rhipicephalus (6.7%) spp. ticks were morphologically identified and confirmed by molecular analyses. We detected TBP DNA in 80.1% of blood samples from 296 healthy camels. \u201cCandidatus Anaplasma camelii\u201d, \u201cCandidatus Ehrlichia regneryi\u201d and Coxiella burnetii were detected in both camels and associated ticks, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia aeschlimannii and Coxiella endosymbionts were detected in camel ticks. We also detected Ehrlichia ruminantium, which is responsible for heartwater disease in ruminants, in Amblyomma ticks infesting camels and sheep and in sheep blood, indicating its endemicity in Marsabit. Our findings also suggest that camels and\/or the ticks infesting them are disease reservoirs of zoonotic Q fever (C. burnetii), ehrlichiosis (E. chaffeensis) and rickettsiosis (R. africae), which pose public health threats to pastoralist communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1625047399000},"page":"1414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens Associated with Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Northern Kenya"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2536-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Getange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe<\/i>), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel L.","family":"Bargul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe<\/i>), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4979-2681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Kanduma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisol","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boku","family":"Bodha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, County Government of Marsabit, Marsabit P.O. Box 384-60500, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diba","family":"Denge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, County Government of Marsabit, Marsabit P.O. Box 384-60500, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatenda","family":"Chiuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe<\/i>), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naftaly","family":"Githaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Younan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Programme & Operational Support to Syria Crisis, UN cross-border hub, Gaziantep 27010, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8931-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric M.","family":"F\u00e8vre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"},{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7305-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley","family":"Bell-Sakyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5097-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jandouwe","family":"Villinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe<\/i>), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-014-0013-6","article-title":"Camel rearing replacing cattle production among the Borana community in Isiolo County of northern Kenya, as climate variability bites","volume":"4","author":"Kagunyu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FAOSTAT (2020, December 05). Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QA."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Significant veterinary research on the dromedary camels of Kenya: Past and present","volume":"6","author":"Bornstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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