{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:25:59Z","timestamp":1790925959477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-18-CE35-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-CE35-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Causal agents of schistosomiasis are dioecious, digenean schistosomes affecting mankind in 76 countries. Preventive measures are manifold but need to be complemented by vaccination for long-term protection; vaccine candidates in advanced pre-clinical\/clinical stages include Sm14, Sm-TSP-2\/Sm-TSP-2Al\u00ae, Smp80\/SchistoShield\u00ae, and Sh28GST\/Bilhvax\u00ae. Natural and anthropogenic changes impact on breaking species isolation barriers favoring introgressive hybridization, i.e., allelic exchange among gene pools of sympatric, interbreeding species leading to instant large genetic diversity. Phylogenetic distance matters, thus the less species differ phylogenetically the more likely they hybridize. PubMed and Embase databases were searched for publications limited to hybridale confirmation by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and\/or nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Human schistosomal hybrids are predominantly reported from West Africa with clustering in the Senegal River Basin, and scattering to Europe, Central and Eastern Africa. Noteworthy is the dominance of Schistosoma haematobium interbreeding with human and veterinary species leading due to hybrid vigor to extinction and homogenization as seen for S. guineensis in Cameroon and S. haematobium in Niger, respectively. Heterosis seems to advantage S. haematobium\/S. bovis interbreeds with dominant S. haematobium-ITS\/S. bovis-COX1 profile to spread from West to East Africa and reoccur in France. S. haematobium\/S. mansoni interactions seen among Senegalese and C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoirian children are unexpected due to their high phylogenetic distance. Detecting pure S. bovis and S. bovis\/S. curassoni crosses capable of infecting humans observed in Corsica and C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, and Niger, respectively, is worrisome. Taken together, species hybridization urges control and preventive measures targeting human and veterinary sectors in line with the One-Health concept to be complemented by vaccination protecting against transmission, infection, and disease recurrence. Functional and structural diversity of naturally occurring human schistosomal hybrids may impact current vaccine candidates requiring further research including natural history studies in endemic areas targeted for clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T10:42:17Z","timestamp":1625740937000},"page":"1465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Natural Intra- and Interclade Human Hybrid Schistosomes in Africa with Considerations on Prevention through Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8682-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Panzner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Boissier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2019.06.001","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: Life Cycle, Diagnosis, and Control","volume":"91","author":"Nelwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0827","article-title":"Parasite Population Genetic Contributions to the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation within Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"103","author":"Webster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-0621-y","article-title":"Schistosomiasis vaccine development: Update on human clinical trials","volume":"27","author":"Molehin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001190","article-title":"Hybridizations within the Genus Schistosoma: Implications for evolution, epidemiology and control","volume":"144","author":"Leger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-131","article-title":"Genomes and geography: Genomic insights into the evolution and phylogeography of the genus Schistosoma","volume":"4","author":"Lawton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.03.005","article-title":"A revision of the interrelationships of Schistosoma including the recently described Schistosoma guineensis","volume":"36","author":"Webster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"London NHM (2021, June 02). Host-Parasite Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/research-curation\/scientific-resources\/taxonomy-systematics\/host-parasites\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.05.009","article-title":"Schistosome monogamy: Who, how, and why?","volume":"24","author":"Beltran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell Stothard, J., Kayuni, S.A., Al-Harbi, M.H., Musaya, J., and Webster, B.L. (2020). Future schistosome hybridizations: Will all Schistosoma haematobium hybrids please stand-up!. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008201"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843","article-title":"The immunobiology of schistosomiasis","volume":"2","author":"Pearce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.001","article-title":"Diversification, dioecy and dimorphism in schistosomes","volume":"22","author":"Loker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.02.007","article-title":"Applying evolutionary genetics to schistosome epidemiology","volume":"10","author":"Steinauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02582-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02582-16","article-title":"Praziquantel for Schistosomiasis: Single-Drug Metabolism Revisited, Mode of Action, and Resistance","volume":"61","author":"Vale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chisango, T.J., Ndlovu, B., Vengesai, A., Nhidza, A.F., Sibanda, E.P., Zhou, D., Mutapi, F., and Mduluza, T. (2019). Benefits of annual chemotherapeutic control of schistosomiasis on the development of protective immunity. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3811-z"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driciru, E., Koopman, J.P.R., Cose, S., Siddiqui, A.A., Yazdanbakhsh, M., Elliott, A.M., and Roestenberg, M. (2021). Immunological Considerations for Schistosoma Vaccine Development: Transitioning to Endemic Settings. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.635985"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12229","article-title":"The anthelmintic drug praziquantel promotes human Tr1 differentiation","volume":"97","author":"Eyoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.10.002","article-title":"To Reduce the Global Burden of Human Schistosomiasis, Use \u2018Old Fashioned\u2019 Snail Control","volume":"34","author":"Sokolow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.079","article-title":"Advancing a vaccine to prevent human schistosomiasis","volume":"34","author":"Merrifield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0476-0","article-title":"Influence of pattern of exposure, parasite genetic diversity and sex on the degree of protection against reinfection with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"101","author":"Dumont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1799-4","article-title":"Schistosomiasis vaccines: Where do we stand?","volume":"9","author":"Tebeje","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102051","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and hookworm infection in humans: Disease burden, pathobiology and anthelmintic vaccines","volume":"75","author":"Anisuzzaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)92995-9","article-title":"A 14-kDa Schistosoma mansoni polypeptide is homologous to a gene family of fatty acid binding proteins","volume":"266","author":"Moser","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)90706-4","article-title":"Gene cloning, overproduction and purification of a functionally active cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding protein (Sj-FABPc) from the human blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"148","author":"Becker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00071-4","article-title":"Remarks on the phylogeny and structure of fatty acid binding proteins from parasitic platyhelminths","volume":"27","author":"Esteves","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.269","article-title":"A Schistosoma mansoni fatty acid-binding protein, Sm14, is the potential basis of a dual-purpose anti-helminth vaccine","volume":"93","author":"Tendler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00300-1","article-title":"An experimental bivalent peptide vaccine against schistosomiasis and fascioliasis","volume":"22","author":"Vilar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3641","article-title":"Tetraspanins at a glance","volume":"127","author":"Charrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1430","article-title":"Tetraspanins on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni are protective antigens against schistosomiasis","volume":"12","author":"Tran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Li, J., Duke, M., Jones, M.K., Kuang, L., Zhang, J., Blair, D., Li, Y., and McManus, D. (2011). Inconsistent Protective Efficacy and Marked Polymorphism Limits the Value of Schistosoma japonicum Tetraspanin-2 as a Vaccine Target. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001166"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.07.007","article-title":"Polymorphism associated with the Schistosoma mansoni tetraspanin-2 gene","volume":"41","author":"Cupit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.12.001","article-title":"Schistosome membrane proteins as vaccines","volume":"37","author":"Loukas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7151","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.531558","article-title":"Solution Structure, Membrane Interactions, and Protein Binding Partners of the Tetraspanin Sm-TSP-2, a Vaccine Antigen from the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"289","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-6-218","article-title":"The calpains: Modular designs and functional diversity","volume":"8","author":"Croall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(99)00024-0","article-title":"Cloning and molecular characterization of calpain, a calcium-activated neutral proteinase, from different strains of Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90078-K","article-title":"Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a calcium-activated neutral protease (calpain) from Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"49","author":"Karcz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10084","DOI":"10.1021\/bi034449r","article-title":"Crystal Structure of the 28 kDa GlutathioneS-Transferase from Schistosoma haematobium","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90095-2","article-title":"Inter-species variation of schistosome 28-kDa glutathione S-transferases","volume":"54","author":"Trottein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03957.x","article-title":"Introgressive hybridization of human and rodent schistosome parasites in western Kenya","volume":"17","author":"Steinauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, K., Stelkens, R.B., Webster, J.P., Smith, D.F., and Brockhurst, M.A. (2015). Hybridization in Parasites: Consequences for Adaptive Evolution, Pathogenesis, and Public Health in a Changing World. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005098"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02145.x","article-title":"Natural hybridization and the evolution of domesticated, pest and disease organisms","volume":"13","author":"Arnold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/genes1010102","article-title":"An Infectious Topic in Reticulate Evolution: Introgression and Hybridization in Animal Parasites","volume":"1","author":"Detwiler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160644","article-title":"Introgressed Animal Schistosomes Schistosoma curassoni and S. bovis Naturally Infecting Humans","volume":"22","author":"Garba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huyse, T., Webster, B.L., Geldof, S., Stothard, J.R., Diaw, O.T., Polman, K., and Rollinson, D. (2009). Bidirectional introgressive hybridization between a cattle and human schistosome species. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000571"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, B., Diaw, O.T., Seye, M.M., Webster, J.P., and Rollinson, D. (2013). Introgressive Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium Group Species in Senegal: Species Barrier Break Down between Ruminant and Human Schistosomes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002110"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crego-Vicente, B., Fern\u00e1ndez-Soto, P., Febrer-Sendra, B., Diego, J.G.-B., Boissier, J., Angora, E., Oleaga, A., and Muro, A. (2021). Application of a Genus-Specific LAMP Assay for Schistosome Species to Detect Schistosoma haematobium \u00d7 Schistosoma bovis Hybrids. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061308"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019010","article-title":"No limit in interspecific hybridization in schistosomes: Observation from a case report","volume":"26","author":"Depaquit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000525","article-title":"Barcoding hybrids: Heterogeneous distribution of Schistosoma haematobium \u00d7 Schistosoma bovis hybrids across the Senegal River Basin","volume":"145","author":"Boon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rey, O., Toulza, E., Chaparro, C., Allienne, J.-F., Kincaid-Smith, J., Mathieu-Begn\u00e9, E., Allan, F., Rollinson, D., Webster, B.L., and Boissier, J. (2021). Diverging patterns of introgression from Schistosoma bovis across S. haematobium African lineages. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009313"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"793420","article-title":"Natural interactions between S. haematobium and S. guineensis in the Republic of Benin","volume":"2012","author":"Minguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0310-0","article-title":"A single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) approach for investigating genetic interactions of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma guineensis in Loum, Cameroon","volume":"100","author":"Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"123","article-title":"Biochemical genetics in the study of schistosomes and their intermediate hosts","volume":"27","author":"Rollinson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(80)90091-7","article-title":"Hybrids between Schistosoma haematobium and S. mattheei and their identification by isoelectric focusing of enzymes","volume":"74","author":"Wright","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy029","article-title":"Rodents as natural hosts of zoonotic schistosoma species and hybrids: An epidemiological and evolutionary perspective from West Africa","volume":"218","author":"Catalano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00412","article-title":"Gene Duplication Analysis Reveals No Ancient Whole Genome Duplication but Extensive Small-Scale Duplications during Genome Evolution and Adaptation of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000087","article-title":"Detecting hybridization in African schistosome species: Does egg morphology complement molecular species identification?","volume":"144","author":"Boon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0416:FROANH]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"First Report of a Natural Hybrid Between Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini","volume":"89","author":"Morgan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(86)90024-1","article-title":"Differentiation of Schistosoma haematobium from related species using cloned ribosomal RNA gene probes","volume":"20","author":"Walker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2457-1","article-title":"Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene as a DNA barcode for discriminating Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and closely related species","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Gentekaki, E., Yi, Z., and Lin, X. (2013). Genetic Differentiation of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase c Subunit I Gene in Genus Paramecium (Protista, Ciliophora). PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077044"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz067","article-title":"A rapid diagnostic multiplex PCR approach for xenomonitoring of human and animal schistosomiasis in a \u2018One Health\u2019 context","volume":"113","author":"Schols","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005306","article-title":"The interaction of Schistosoma haematobium and S. guineensis in Cameroon","volume":"79","author":"Webster","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(74)90163-1","article-title":"Letter: Hybrids between Schistosoma haematobium and S. intercalatum in Cameroon","volume":"68","author":"Wright","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2003166","article-title":"Isoenzyme analysis of Schistosoma haematobium, S. intercalatum and their hybrids and occurrences of natural hybridization in Cameroon","volume":"77","author":"Webster","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"145","article-title":"Schistosomiasis at Loum, Cameroun; Schistosoma haematobium, S. intercalatum and their natural hybrid","volume":"49","author":"Southgate","year":"1976","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90513-7","article-title":"The evolution of schistosomiasis at Loum, Cameroon: Replacement of Schistosoma intercalatum by S. haematobium through introgressive hybridization","volume":"91","author":"Southgate","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"183","article-title":"On factors possibly restricting the distribution of Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934","volume":"56","author":"Southgate","year":"1978","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0747-8","article-title":"Competitive mating interactions between Schistosoma haematobium and S. intercalatum (Lower Guinea strain)","volume":"89","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002883","article-title":"Mating interactions of Schistosoma haematobium and S. intercalatum with their hybrid offspring","volume":"126","author":"Webster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90068-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and genetic observations on human schistosomiasis in Kinshasa, Zaire","volume":"91","author":"Southgate","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"220","article-title":"Studies on transmission and schistosome interactions in Senegal, Mali and Zambia","volume":"46","author":"Vercruysse","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09990289","article-title":"Morphometric and molecular characterizations of schistosome populations in Estuaire province Gabon","volume":"84","author":"Kombila","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"119","article-title":"Probable hybridization between S. intercalatum and S. haematobium in western Gabun","volume":"37","author":"Burchard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1990.11812436","article-title":"Mixed Schistosoma haematobium\/Schistosoma intercalatum infection","volume":"84","author":"Zwingenberger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4643-4","article-title":"Introgressive hybridizations of Schistosoma haematobium by Schistosoma bovis at the origin of the first case report of schistosomiasis in Corsica (France, Europe)","volume":"114","author":"Holtfreter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.04.001","article-title":"Hybridisation between the two major African schistosome species of humans","volume":"43","author":"Huyse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90212-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Dogon country, Mali: Identification and prevalence of the species responsible for infection in the local community","volume":"88","author":"Rollinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90501-5","article-title":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Meeting at Manson House, London, 18 May 1995. The epidemiology of human schistosomiasis in the Senegal river basin","volume":"90","author":"Picquet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00015790","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin: Before and after the construction of the dams at Diama, Senegal and Manantali, Mali and future prospects","volume":"71","author":"Southgate","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Broeck, F., Maes, G.E., Larmuseau, M.H.D., Rollinson, D., Sy, I., Faye, D., Volckaert, F.A.M., Polman, K., and Huyse, T. (2015). Reconstructing colonization dynamics of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni following anthropogenic environmental changes in Northwest Senegal. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003998"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.08.004","article-title":"No barrier breakdown between human and cattle schistosome species in the Senegal River Basin in the face of hybridisation","volume":"49","author":"Boon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz154","article-title":"Ancient Hybridization and Adaptive Introgression of an Invadolysin Gene in Schistosome Parasites","volume":"36","author":"Platt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00012384","article-title":"Do all human urinary infections with Schistosoma mattheei Represent hybridization between S. haematobium and S. mattheei?","volume":"64","author":"Kruger","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30129-7","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in human, livestock, and snail populations in northern Senegal: A One Health epidemiological study of a multi-host system","volume":"4","author":"Borlase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Heal."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001415","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis and hybridization between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis in adults living in Richard-Toll, Senegal","volume":"145","author":"Sene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00175-4","article-title":"Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): An epidemiological case study","volume":"16","author":"Boissier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20821","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.22.20821","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium infections acquired in Corsica, France, August 2013","volume":"19","author":"Holtfreter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.160110","article-title":"Difficulties in Schistosomiasis Assessment, Corsica, France","volume":"22","author":"Holtfreter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.151290","article-title":"Schistosomiasis Screening of Travelers to Corsica, France","volume":"22","author":"Berry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.140928","article-title":"Schistosomiasis Haematobium, Corsica, France","volume":"20","author":"Berry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2110.150881","article-title":"Local and International Implications of Schistosomiasis Acquired in Corsica, France","volume":"21","author":"Gautret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, A., Fillaux, J., Martin-Blondel, G., Boissier, J., Iriart, X., Marchou, B., Magnaval, J.F., and Delobel, P. (2016). Evidence for a permanent presence of schistosomiasis in Corsica, France, 2015. Eurosurveillance, 21.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.1.30100"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleaga, A., Rey, O., Polack, B., Grech-Angelini, S., Quilichini, Y., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, R., Boireau, P., Mulero, S., Brunet, A., and Rogon, A. (2019). Epidemiological surveillance of schistosomiasis outbreak in Corsica (France): Are animal reservoir hosts implicated in local transmission?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007543"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00084-5","article-title":"Schistosomiasis reaches Europe","volume":"15","author":"Boissier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30061-5","article-title":"Schistosomiasis transmission in Europe","volume":"16","author":"Bisoffi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00700794","article-title":"Rodents as reservoir hosts in the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Richard-Toll, Senegal, West Africa","volume":"74","author":"Duplantier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07099-7","article-title":"Mastomys natalensis (Smith, 1834) as a natural host for Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz, 1852) Weinland, 1858 \u00d7 Schistosoma bovis Sonsino, 1876 introgressive hybrids","volume":"120","author":"Savassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06709-0","article-title":"Cattle as natural host for Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz, 1852) Weinland, 1858 \u00d7 Schistosoma bovis Sonsino, 1876 interactions, with new cercarial emergence and genetic patterns","volume":"119","author":"Savassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3307-0","article-title":"Population genetic structure of Schistosoma bovis in Cameroon","volume":"12","author":"Simo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothe, C., Zimmer, T., Schunk, M., Wallrauch, C., Helfrich, K., G\u00fcltekin, F., Bretzel, G., Allienne, J.F., and Boissier, J. (2021). Developing endemicity of schistosomiasis, Corsica, France. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 27.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.204391"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3635-0","article-title":"Persistent establishment of a tropical disease in Europe: The preadaptation of schistosomes to overwinter","volume":"12","author":"Mulero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oey, H., Zakrzewski, M., Gravermann, K., Young, N.D., Korhonen, P.K., Gobert, G.N., Nawaratna, S., Hasan, S., Mart\u00ednez, D.M., and You, H. (2019). Whole-genome sequence of the bovine blood fluke Schistosoma bovis supports interspecific hybridization with S. haematobium. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007513"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001549","article-title":"High prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium \u00d7 Schistosoma bovis hybrids in schoolchildren in Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"147","author":"Angora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.190020","article-title":"Schistosome Interactions within the Schistosoma haematobium Group, Malawi","volume":"25","author":"Webster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(61)90038-4","article-title":"Observations on a possible hybrid between the two schistosomes S. haematobium and S. mattheei","volume":"55","author":"Pitchford","year":"1961","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"201","article-title":"The importance of animals in human schistosomiasis in South Africa","volume":"63","year":"1983","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"103","article-title":"Phenotypic differences in Schistosoma mattheei ova from populations sympatric and allopatric to S. haematobium","volume":"53","author":"Kruger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0001138X","article-title":"Scanning electron microscope studies of miracidia suggest introgressive hybridization between Schistosoma haematobium and S. haematobium \u00d7 S. mattheei in the Eastern Transvaal","volume":"62","author":"Kruger","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.01139.x","article-title":"Interactions between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in humans in north Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"Cunin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.02.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of mixed Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections in northern Senegal","volume":"42","author":"Meurs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.172028","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium-Schistosoma mansoni hybrid parasite in migrant boy, france, 2017","volume":"25","author":"Allienne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007004118","article-title":"Inter-specific parasite competition: Mixed infections of Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini in the definitive host","volume":"135","author":"Norton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000058674","article-title":"Hybrids between Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini: Characterization by cercarial emergence rhythms","volume":"99","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.04.003","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms identification in expressed genes of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"154","author":"Bahia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12745","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211268200","article-title":"Gene Structure and M20T Polymorphism of the Schistosoma mansoni Sm14 Fatty Acid-binding Protein","volume":"278","author":"Ramos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12604","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12604","article-title":"Population level changes in schistosome-specific antibody levels following chemotherapy","volume":"41","author":"Fukushige","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00789-x","article-title":"Schistosomiasis\u2014From immunopathology to vaccines","volume":"42","author":"McManus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panzner, U., Excler, J.L., Kim, J.H., Marks, F., Carter, D., and Siddiqui, A.A. (2021). Recent advances and methodological considerations on vaccine candidates for human schistosomiasis. Front. Trop. Dis., submitted.","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2021.719369"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tendler, M., Almeida, M.S., Vilar, M.M., Pinto, P.M., and Limaverde-Sousa, G. (2018). Current Status of the Sm14\/GLA-SE Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Overcoming Barriers and Paradigms towards the First Anti-Parasitic Human (itarian) Vaccine. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0334.v1"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2008.12.010","article-title":"Stability improvement of the fatty acid binding protein Sm14 from S. mansoni by Cys replacement: Structural and functional characterization of a vaccine candidate","volume":"1794","author":"Ramos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riveau, G., Schacht, A.-M., Dompnier, J.-P., Deplanque, D., Seck, M., Waucquier, N., Senghor, S., Delcroix-Genete, D., Hermann, E., and Idris-Khodja, N. (2018). Safety and efficacy of the rSh28GST urinary schistosomiasis vaccine: A phase 3 randomized, controlled trial in Senegalese children. PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006968"},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Medicine\/ClinicalTrials.gov USNLo (2021, June 19). Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of the Therapeutic Vaccine Candidate Sh28GST in Association with Praziquantel (PZQ) for Prevention of Clinical and Parasitological Recurrences of S. haematobium Infection in Children [NCT00870649], Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00870649?term=sh28GST&cond=Schistosomiasis&draw=2&rank=1."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Medicine\/ClinicalTrials.gov USNLo (2021, June 19). Safety and Immunogenicity Evaluation of the Vaccine Candidate Sm14 in Combination with the Adjuvant Glucopyranosyl Lipid A (GLA-SE) in Adults Living in Endemic Regions for S. Mansoni and S. haematobium in Senegal. A Comparative, Randomized, Open-Label Trial [NCT03041766], Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03041766?term=Sm14&cond=Schistosomiasis&rank=3."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Medicine\/ClinicalTrials.gov USNLo (2021, June 19). Safety and Immunogenicity Evaluation of the Vaccine Candidate Sm14 against Schistosomiasis in Senegalese School Children Healthy or Infected with S. Mansoni and\/or S. haematobium. A Comparative, Randomized, Controlled, Open-label Trial [NCT03799510], Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03799510?term=Sm14&cond=Schistosomiasis&rank=2."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90089-G","article-title":"Rates of amino acid evolution in the 26- and 28-kDa glutathione S-transferases of Schistosoma","volume":"58","author":"Hughes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu287","article-title":"Accelerated evolution of schistosome genes coding for proteins located at the host-parasite interface","volume":"7","author":"Philippsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(94)90266-6","article-title":"Conserved proteins as immunogens: Glutathione S-transferase of Schistosoma","volume":"10","author":"Hughes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5634-4","article-title":"Cross-species prophylactic efficacy of Sm-p80-based vaccine and intracellular localization of Sm-p80\/Sm-p80 ortholog proteins during development in Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma haematobium","volume":"116","author":"Molehin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.12.057","article-title":"Cross-species protection: Schistosoma mansoni Sm-p80 vaccine confers protection against Schistosoma haematobium in hamsters and baboons","volume":"32","author":"Karmakar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Medicine\/ClinicalTrials.gov USNLo (2021, June 19). Sm-TSP-2 Schistosomiasis Vaccine in Healthy Ugandan Adults [NCT03910972], Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03910972?term=TSP&cond=Schistosomiasis&rank=2."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00007574","article-title":"A check list of definitive hosts exhibiting evidence of the genus Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 acquired naturally in Africa and the Middle East","volume":"51","author":"Pitchford","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Rollinson, D., and Southgate, V.R. (1987). The genus Schistosoma: A taxonomic appraisal. The Biology of Schistosomesl, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(62)90139-6","article-title":"The role of naturally infected wild rodents in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the Eastern Transvaal","volume":"56","author":"Pitchford","year":"1962","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"13","article-title":"Non-Human vertebrate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni and schistosomiaisis transmission in Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Rey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Res. Rev. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"325","article-title":"A search for animal reservoirs of Schistosoma mansoni in the Mwanza area of Tanzania","volume":"44","author":"McMahon","year":"1967","journal-title":"East. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"232","article-title":"Complement to the epidemiologic study of the focus of Schistosoma mansoni bilharziasis in Kara (northern Togo)","volume":"85","author":"Lapierre","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90169-4","article-title":"Parasitological and ecological aspects of schistosomiasis mansoni in the valley of the Para\u00edba do Sul river (S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil) I. Natural infection of small mammals with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"72","author":"Dias","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761989000200011","article-title":"Natural infection of wild rodents by Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"84","author":"Silva","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mac Pherson, C.N.L., and Craig, P.S. (1991). Parasitic Helminths and Zoonoses in Africa, Unwin Hyman.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3054-7"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolstenhome, G.E.W., and O\u2019Connor, M. (1962). The role of animals as reservoirs in Africa. CIBA Foundation Symposium on Bilharziasis, Churchill.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470719312"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-100.x","article-title":"Hamadryas baboons Papio hamadryas as maintenance hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Saudi Arabia","volume":"1","author":"Zahed","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(68)90019-9","article-title":"A chimpanzee naturally infected with Schistosoma mansoni; Its resistance against a challenge infection of, s. japonicum","volume":"62","author":"Majumdar","year":"1968","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000049817","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni from naturally infected Rattus rattus in Guadeloupe: Identification, prevalence and enzyme polymorphism","volume":"93","author":"Rollinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"53","article-title":"Some observations on schistosomiasis in Jabalpur area","volume":"6","author":"Agrawal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Livestock Adviser Bangalore"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"239","article-title":"A review on Schistosoma incognitum Chandler 1926","volume":"58","author":"Agrawal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Helminthol. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"789","article-title":"Prevalence of Schistosoma nasale Rao 1933 in Jabalpur","volume":"61","author":"Banerjee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"373","article-title":"Nasal schistosomiasis: A review","volume":"61","author":"Agrawal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Helminthol. Abstracts"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"134","article-title":"Spirometra and Schistosoma infection among lions of Gir forest","volume":"4","author":"Hiregoudar","year":"1975","journal-title":"India Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"303","article-title":"Studies on animal schistosomes in Peninsular Malaysia: Record of naturally infected animals and additional hosts of Schistosoma spindale","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Jordan, P., Webbe, G., and Sturrock, R.F. (1993). Human Schistosomiasis, CAB International."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)01904-3","article-title":"Host\u2013parasite relationships of Schistosoma japonicum in mammalian hosts","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Jordan, P., and Webbe, G. (1982). Schistosomiasis. Epidemiology, Treatment and Control, William Heinemann Medical Books."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Xia, M. (1990). Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude du d\u00e9veloppement et de la variabilit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de Schistosoma japonicum. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Perpignan]."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"474","article-title":"Schistosomes of animals and man in Asia","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Helminthol. Abstr."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/7\/1465\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:27:52Z","timestamp":1760164072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/7\/1465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9071465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9071465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]}}}