{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:22:04Z","timestamp":1776313324997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dirofilariasis is one of the oldest known zoonotic infections of humans mainly caused by the filarial parasites of the species Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, which primarily infect dogs. A five-year survey (2017 to 2021) was conducted among the dog population to assess the molecular prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in southeast France. Morphological and genetic analysis were performed on filaroids from dogs and one infected woman from the studied area. A total of 12 (13%) dogs scored molecularly positive for Dirofilaria spp. of which nine carried blood microfilariae. Ocular dirofilariasis was detected in a 79-year-old woman with no travel history. Both electron microscopy and molecular sequencing identified the worm in the human case as D. repens. Molecularly, D. repens isolates were identical in the human and dog cases, representing the only genotype reported so far in France. Despite the distribution of this genotype through all Europe, it was grouped separately with the other two European genotypes and with Asian ones. As in almost all previous human cases in France, D. repens parasites were mainly recovered from the ocular region of patients and were geographically concentrated in the southeastern regions. Data demonstrate the sympatric occurrence of D. immitis and D. repens with high risk of infection to human and dog populations in these investigated geographical areas, thereby underlining the urgent need to implement preventive chemoprophylactic strategies and vector control to reduce the risk of these filaroids in dog and human populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T23:19:51Z","timestamp":1626823191000},"page":"1544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Human and Animal Dirofilariasis in Southeast of France"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younes","family":"Laidoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e lnfection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Felestin Sq, Hamedan 6517658978, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Stolowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital de la Vision\u2014La Timone, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Amrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranju Ravindran","family":"Santhakumari Manoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e lnfection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurine","family":"Polette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Watier-Grillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Military Health Service, Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, 37100 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Mediannikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e lnfection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7836-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Davoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e lnfection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"French Military Health Service, Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, 37100 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coralie","family":"L'Ollivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e lnfection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 19-21, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Su di un nematode dell\u2019occhio umano","volume":"14","author":"Addario","year":"1885","journal-title":"Ann. Ottalmolog."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Dirofilariosi umana sottocongiuntivale: Su di un probabile caso osservato in Francia da Amato Lusitano nel XVI secolo","volume":"37","author":"Pampiglione","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Aldrovandi, U., Ferroni, C., Ferroni, G.B., and Real Colegio de Cirug\u00eda de San Carlos (Madrid) (1698). De Animalibus Insectis Libri Septem cum Singulorum Iconibus ad Viuum Expressis, Denuo impress. Bonon.: Apud Clementem Ferronium."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-12","article-title":"Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic","volume":"25","author":"Mellado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-16","article-title":"Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe","volume":"6","author":"Otranto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dirofilariosis in the Americas: A more virulent Dirofilaria immitis?","volume":"6","author":"Otranto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.366","article-title":"Zoonotic filariasis","volume":"11","author":"Orihel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"369","article-title":"The species of the genus Dirofilaria, Railliet & Henry, 1911","volume":"39","author":"Pampiglione","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"6436130","article-title":"The complexity of zoonotic filariasis episystem and its consequences: A multidisciplinary view","volume":"2017","author":"Diosdado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-15","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification applied to filarial parasites detection in the mosquito vectors: Dirofilaria immitis as a study model","volume":"2","author":"Aonuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"105","article-title":"Filariose canine \u00e0 Dirofilaria immitis. Enqu\u00eate sur la fr\u00e9quence et la r\u00e9partition en zone m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne","volume":"3","author":"Davoust","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fr. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"15","article-title":"Development of dirofilariosis enzooty in the military kennels of south-east France","volume":"140","author":"Davoust","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"51","article-title":"Pr\u00e9sence de Dirofilaria immitis en Bretagne","volume":"4","author":"Doby","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fr. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"229","article-title":"Filarioses canines par Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) et D. repens (Railliet et Henry, 1911), dans l\u2019Ouest de la France","volume":"4","author":"Doby","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fr. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laidoudi, Y., Ringot, D., Watier-Grillot, S., Davoust, B., and Mediannikov, O. (2019). A cardiac and subcutaneous canine dirofilariosis outbreak in a kennel in central France. Parasite, 26.","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019073"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"20","article-title":"Filariose sous-cutan\u00e9e \u00e0 Dirofilaria repens","volume":"435","author":"Tahir","year":"2017","journal-title":"L\u2019Essentiel"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.01.002","article-title":"Molecular survey of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens by new real-time TaqMan\u00aePCR assay in dogs and mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Corsica (France)","volume":"235","author":"Tahir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2017.05.006","article-title":"Update on cutaneous dirofilariasis","volume":"144","author":"Benzaquen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.03.009","article-title":"Dirofilariose autochtone intra-musculaire temporale","volume":"48","author":"Fournier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"389","article-title":"La dirofilariose, zoonose emergente et meconnue en France","volume":"59","author":"Raccurt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2114","article-title":"Filariose sous-cutan\u00e9e \u00e0 Dirofilaria repens. Une nouvelle observation fran\u00e7aise","volume":"10","author":"Marty","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nouv. Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"305","article-title":"Dirofilariose humaine en Corse: Un nouveau cas autochtone. R\u00e9vision des cas d\u00e9ja publi\u00e9s","volume":"92","author":"Pampiglione","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"702","article-title":"Nouveau cas de dirofilariose en Corse","volume":"32","author":"Basset","year":"2003","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1372","article-title":"La dirofilariose en France: Un cas languedocien chez un sujet s\u00e9rologiquement positif pour le VIH","volume":"25","author":"Basset","year":"1996","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1901.120281","article-title":"Subcutaneous infection with Dirofilaria immitis nematode in human, France","volume":"19","author":"Foissac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13859","article-title":"Cutaneous and pulmonary dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens","volume":"173","author":"Benzaquen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yilmaz, E., Fritzenwanker, M., Pantchev, N., Lendner, M., Wongkamchai, S., Otranto, D., Kroidl, I., Dennebaum, M., Le, T.H., and Anh Le, T. (2016). The mitochondrial genomes of the zoonotic canine filarial parasites Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens and Candidatus Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) honkongensis provide evidence for presence of cryptic species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005028"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04158-3","article-title":"On the validity of \u201cCandidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis\u201d and on the use of the provisional status Candidatus in zoological nomenclature","volume":"13","author":"Otranto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04185-0","article-title":"Development of a multiplex qPCR-based approach for the diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis, D. repens and Acanthocheilonema reconditum","volume":"13","author":"Laidoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laidoudi, Y., Medkour, H., Latrofa, M.S., Davoust, B., Diatta, G., Sokhna, C., Barciela, A., Hernandez-Aguilar, R.A., Raoult, D., and Otranto, D. (2020). Zoonotic Abbreviata caucasica in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) from Senegal. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070517"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"60","article-title":"BioEdit: An important software for molecular biology","volume":"2","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"GERF Bull. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"678","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+C-content biases","volume":"9","author":"Tamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","article-title":"MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0","volume":"30","author":"Tamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004233","article-title":"Shaking the Tree: Multi-locus sequence typing usurps current onchocercid (Filarial Nematode) phylogeny","volume":"9","author":"Lefoulon","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","article-title":"MAFFT: A novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp259","article-title":"Sea view version 4: A multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building","volume":"27","author":"Gouy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst024","article-title":"Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap","volume":"30","author":"Minh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky379","article-title":"The Galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update","volume":"46","author":"Afgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v4: Recent updates and new developments","volume":"47","author":"Letunic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.100916","article-title":"Human intraocular filariasis caused by Dirofilaria sp. nematode, Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Otranto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12410","article-title":"PopART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction","volume":"6","author":"Leigh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2307\/3279618","article-title":"Cuticular morphology of five species of Dirofilaria: A scanning electron microscope study","volume":"64","author":"Wong","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re des Solidarit\u00e9s et de la Sant\u00e9 (France) (2021, January 18). Cartes de Pr\u00e9sence du Moustique Tigre (Aedes albopictus) en France M\u00e9tropolitaine, Available online: https:\/\/solidarites-sante.gouv.fr\/sante-et-environnement\/risques-microbiologiques-physiques-et-chimiques\/especes-nuisibles-et-parasites\/article\/cartes-de-presence-du-moustique-tigre-aedes-albopictus-en-france-metropolitaine."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-09-234","article-title":"Molecular investigation of vector-borne pathogens in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from southern france","volume":"56","author":"Medkour","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.09.004","article-title":"Best practices for preventing vector-borne diseases in dogs and humans","volume":"32","author":"Otranto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.004","article-title":"Blocking transmission of vector-borne diseases","volume":"7","author":"Noack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-010-0586-y","article-title":"Bek\u00e4mpfung von Ektoparasiten (Fl\u00f6he, Zecken, L\u00e4use, Haarlinge, Sand- und Stechm\u00fccken) bei Hunden und Katzen. European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites (ESCCAP)","volume":"5","author":"Schnieder","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Verbrauch. Lebensm."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current canine guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs","volume":"2018","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Hear. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laidoudi, Y., Medkour, H., Tahir, D., Dahmana, H., Mari\u00e9, J.-L., Varloud, M., Mediannikov, O., and Davoust, B. (2020). Field implementation of a monthly multi-modal prophylactic strategy (Dinotefuran-Permethrin-Pyriproxyfen and Milbemycine Oxime-Praziquantel) against canine vector-borne diseases in Corsica. Preprints.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0156.v1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)00204-2","article-title":"Heartworm disease in animals and humans","volume":"66","author":"McCall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577466","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.577466","article-title":"Case studies of severe microfilaremia in four dogs naturally infected with case studies of severe microfilaremia in four dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria repens as the primary disease or a disease complicating factor","volume":"7","author":"Klockiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"37","article-title":"Dirofilaria et dirofilarioses","volume":"483","author":"Basset","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Francoph. Lab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.02.005","article-title":"Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: Part two","volume":"25","author":"Otranto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panarese, R., Iatta, R., Mendoza-Roldan, J.A., Szlosek, D., Braff, J., Liu, J., Beugnet, F., Dantas-Torres, F., Beall, M.J., and Otranto, D. (2020). Comparison of diagnostic tools for the detection of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060499"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13033","article-title":"High genetic diversity in the Dirofilaria repens species complex revealed by mitochondrial genomes of feline microfilaria samples from Narathiwat, Thailand","volume":"66","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2015002","article-title":"Molecular analysis of Dirofilaria repens removed from a subcutaneous nodule in a Japanese woman after a tour to Europe","volume":"22","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.012","article-title":"Seroepidemiological survey of human exposure to Dirofilaria spp. in Romania and Moldova","volume":"187","author":"Ciuca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0719","article-title":"Human ocular infection with Dirofilaria repens (Railliet and Henry, 1911) in an area endemic for canine dirofilariasis","volume":"84","author":"Otranto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/7\/1544\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:32:31Z","timestamp":1760164351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/7\/1544"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9071544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9071544","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]}}}