{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:05:54Z","timestamp":1792037154653,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G051812N, G013118N and 12I0317N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G051812N, G013118N and 12I0317N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Antwerp","award":["TT-ZAPBOF 33049 and TOP-BOF 35017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TT-ZAPBOF 33049 and TOP-BOF 35017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Seed Award in Science 208965\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Seed Award in Science 208965\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relatively high post-treatment relapse rates of paromomycin (PMM) in visceral leishmaniasis treatment and the swift emergence of experimental drug resistance challenge its broad application and urge for rational use and monitoring of resistance. However, no causal molecular mechanisms to Leishmania PMM resistance have been identified so far. To gain insights into potential resistance mechanisms, twelve experimentally selected Leishmania donovani clonal lines and the non-cloned preselection population, with variable degrees of PMM resistance, were subjected to whole genome sequencing. To identify genomic variations potentially associated with resistance, SNPs, Indels, chromosomal somy and gene copy number variations were compared between the different parasite lines. A total of 11 short nucleotide variations and the copy number alterations in 39 genes were correlated to PMM resistance. Some of the identified genes are involved in transcription, translation and protein turn-over (transcription elongation factor-like protein, RNA-binding protein, ribosomal protein L1a, 60S ribosomal protein L6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-1, proteasome regulatory non-ATP-ase subunit 3), virulence (major surface protease gp63, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1-like protein), mitochondrial function (ADP\/ATP mitochondrial carrier-like protein), signaling (phosphatidylinositol 3-related kinase, protein kinase putative and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1-like protein) and vesicular trafficking (ras-related protein RAB1). These results indicate that, in Leishmania, the aminoglycoside PMM affects protein translational processes and underlines the complex and probably multifactorial origin of resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:07:40Z","timestamp":1626998860000},"page":"1546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Experimental Selection of Paromomycin Resistance in Leishmania donovani Amastigotes Induces Variable Genomic Polymorphisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-7296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Hendrickx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Lu\u00eds","family":"Reis-Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO31 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-7196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Forrester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO31 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Jeffares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO31 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Caljon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000951","article-title":"Recent advances in trypanosomatid research: Genome organization, expression, metabolism, taxonomy and evolution","volume":"146","author":"Maslov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musa, A.M., Younis, B., Fadlalla, A., Royce, C., Balasegaram, M., Wasunna, M., Hailu, A., Edwards, T., Omollo, R., and Mudawi, M. 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