{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:49:25Z","timestamp":1792021765876,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with a variety of hematological abnormalities. In this study, we correlated the hematological changes in the peripheral blood of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) with the distribution of cell lineages and cytokine gene expression patterns in the bone marrow. Samples from 63 naturally semidomiciled dogs living in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed. L. infantum infection was detected in 50 dogs (79.3%). Among those, 18 (32%) had positive splenic cultures and showed more clinical signs. They also had lower red blood cell counts and leukocytosis with an increased number of neutrophils and monocytes in peripheral blood compared to dogs negative to this test. L. infantum DNA was detected in the bone marrow of 8\/14 dogs with positive splenic culture. Dogs with L. infantum infection in the bone marrow presented with histiocytosis (p = 0.0046), fewer erythroid cell clusters (p = 0.0127) and increased gene expression levels of IFN-\u03b3 (p = 0.0015) and TNF (p = 0.0091). The data shown herein suggest that inflammatory and cytokine gene expression changes in bone marrow may contribute to the peripheral blood hematological changes observed in visceral leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T21:21:21Z","timestamp":1627593681000},"page":"1618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Hematological Changes in Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis Are Associated with Increased IFN-\u03b3 and TNF Gene Expression Levels in the Bone Marrow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-3391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5325-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isadora","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4788-0319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5075-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Washington L. C.","family":"dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: Current situation and new perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67629-5","article-title":"Advances in leishmaniasis","volume":"366","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO World Health Organization (2016, August 20). Fact Sheet N\u00b0375. 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