{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T02:15:44Z","timestamp":1783649744474,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment","award":["BfR 1322-672, 8-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BfR 1322-672, 8-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of game as a source of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in humans is largely unknown. New data on the presence of T. gondii in game hunted in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany, were obtained by direct and indirect detection (ELISA). DNA extracted either directly (5 g heart or foreleg muscle, DE) or after acid pepsin digestion (50 g heart, PD) or enriched by magnetic capture (50 g heart, MC) was examined by real-time PCR (qPCR). ELISA revealed seroprevalences of 20% in wild boar (Sus scrofa), 11% in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 6% in red deer (Cervus elaphus). T. gondii DNA was detected by at least one direct detection method in 12% of wild boar, 6% of roe deer, 2% of fallow deer (Dama dama) and 2% of red deer. In both, positive wild boar and roe deer, T. gondii type II specific alleles were the most prevalent, as assessed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The highest proportion of positive animals was detected by MC qPCR, followed by PD qPCR with a similar proportion of positive findings. Investigation of 50 g of heart muscle revealed a significantly higher proportion of positive qPCR results than analysis of 5 g (p = 0.048). An association between seropositivity and direct detection was evident in wild boar and roe deer (p &lt; 0.001). Infectivity of T. gondii DNA\u2013positive samples was confirmed by bioassay (4\/4), providing evidence that game could represent a relevant source of viable T. gondii posing a risk for human infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T08:47:52Z","timestamp":1628066872000},"page":"1663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comparison of Direct and Indirect Toxoplasma gondii Detection and Genotyping in Game: Relationship and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kaya C.","family":"Stollberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Safety in the Food Chain, 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gereon","family":"Schares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Mayer-Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iryna","family":"Hrushetska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Diescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Johne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin H.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1215-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja S.","family":"Bier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: From animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Heckeroth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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