{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:18:17Z","timestamp":1780582697874,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ninety-five effusion samples were collected from cats with suspected feline infectious peritonitis in northern Taiwan; these samples showed a 47.4% (45\/95) feline coronavirus (FCoV) positivity rate on immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. Young cats (\u226424 months old) were found to have a significantly higher risk than cats &gt;24 months old (odds ratio (OR) = 6.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.54\u201316.00). No significant association was found between the positive rates and sex or breed. The A\/G ratio in positive cases was significantly lower than the A\/G ratio in negative cases. Genotyping and sequencing of the positive cases revealed 71.9% single infection with type I strains and 28.1% coinfection with types I and II. No single infections with type II strains were noted. The type I sequences had high diversity, while the type II sequences had high internal sequence identity and were more similar to CoVs from other species, such as dogs, pigs, and various small mammals. This study demonstrates the latest analysis of FCoV infection cases in northern Taiwan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T22:09:39Z","timestamp":1629842979000},"page":"1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Feline Coronaviruses Identified in Feline Effusions in Suspected Cases of Feline Infectious Peritonitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shih-Jung","family":"Yen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0595-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.05.002","article-title":"Feline infectious Peritonitis: Update on pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment","volume":"50","author":"Kennedy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18758592","article-title":"Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: Update on evidence supporting available tests","volume":"20","author":"Tasker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felten, S., and Hartmann, K. (2019). Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: A review of the current literature. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111068"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haake, C., Cook, S., Pusterla, N., and Murphy, B. (2020). Coronavirus infections in companion animals: Virology, epidemiology, clinical and pathologic features. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091023"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.12.027","article-title":"Feline coronavirus: Insights into viral pathogenesis based on the spike protein structure and function","volume":"517","author":"Jaimes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.06.021","article-title":"Genetic determinants of pathogenesis by feline infectious peritonitis virus","volume":"143","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.120143","article-title":"Spike protein fusion peptide and feline coronavirus virulence","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.04.016","article-title":"An update on feline infectious peritonitis: Diagnostics and therapeutics","volume":"201","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02515.x","article-title":"Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"17","author":"Hartmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"92","article-title":"Clinical symptoms and diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"23","author":"Hirschberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1993.tb02591.x","article-title":"Using direct immunofluorescence to detect coronaviruses in peritoneal in peritoneal and pleural effusions","volume":"34","author":"Parodi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879901100411","article-title":"In vivo diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis by comparison of protein content, cytology, and direct immunofluorescence test on peritoneal and pleural effusions","volume":"11","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.08.023","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of a direct immunofluorescence test to detect feline coronavirus antigen in macrophages in effusive feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"198","author":"Litster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.11.010","article-title":"Genetic diversity and correlation with feline infectious peritonitis of feline coronavirus type I and II: A 5-year study in Taiwan","volume":"136","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y.-C., Liu, I.-L., Chen, Y.-T., and Chen, H.-W. (2020). Detection of Feline Coronavirus in Feline Effusions by Immunofluorescence Staining and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090698"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.3.684-689.1995","article-title":"Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues, and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR","volume":"33","author":"Herrewegh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19129-0","article-title":"Persistence and transmission of natural type I feline coronavirus infection","volume":"84","author":"Addie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12441875","article-title":"Risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis in Australian cats","volume":"14","author":"Worthing","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soma, T., Wada, M., Taharaguchi, S., and Tajima, T. (2013). Detection of ascitic feline coronavirus RNA from clinically suspected cats of feline infectious peritonitis. J. Vet. Med. Sci.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0094"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0372-2","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological study of feline coronavirus strains in Japan using RT-PCR targeting nsp14 gene","volume":"11","author":"Tanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.01.017","article-title":"A retrospective clinical and epidemiological study on feline coronavirus (FCoV) in cats in Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"119","author":"Tekelioglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13081","article-title":"Circulation and genetic diversity of Feline coronavirus type I and II from clinically healthy and FIP-suspected cats in China","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12454862","article-title":"Positive predictive value of albumin: Globulin ratio for feline infectious peritonitis in a mid-western referral hospital population","volume":"14","author":"Jeffery","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-278","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of type I and type II feline coronavirus in Malaysia","volume":"9","author":"Amer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.009","article-title":"Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Feline Coronavirus sequences from Portugal","volume":"138","author":"Duarte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.07.010","article-title":"Prevalence of feline coronavirus types I and II in cats with histopathologically verified feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"99","author":"Benetka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.21.649","article-title":"Use of a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for monitoring the shedding of feline coronavirus by healthy cats","volume":"148","author":"Addie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlasova, A.N., Diaz, A., Damtie, D., Xiu, L., Toh, T.H., Lee, J.S., Saif, L.J., and Gray, G.C. (2021). Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Pneumonia Patient, East Malaysia. Clin. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab456"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/9\/1801\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:50:51Z","timestamp":1760165451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/9\/1801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9091801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9091801","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]}}}