{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:57:20Z","timestamp":1778327840539,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has involved a severe increase of cases worldwide in a wide range of populations. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate recent insights about COVID-19 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Methods: a literature overview was performed including clinical trials, in vitro studies, reviews and published guidelines regarding the present paper topic. A descriptive synthesis was performed to evaluate recent insights and the effectiveness of therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Results: Insufficient data are available regarding the relationship between COVID-19 and the clinical risk of spontaneous abortion and premature foetus death. A decrease in the incidence of COVID-19 could be correlated to a minor expression of ACE2 in childrens\u2019 lungs. At present, a modulation of the dose-effect posology for children and infants is necessary. Conclusions: Pregnant vertical transmission has been hypothesised for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccines are necessary to achieve mass immunity for children and also pregnant subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:13:47Z","timestamp":1631924027000},"page":"1964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["COVID-19 Infection in Children, Infants and Pregnant Subjects: An Overview of Recent Insights and Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9745-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Malcangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6366-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio Danilo","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo Michele","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5671-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Santacroce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Marinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7103-4086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4072-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Vimercati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Maggiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9376-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"D\u2019Oria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisa","family":"Hazballa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, 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