{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:48:37Z","timestamp":1789012117165,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32021005, 31820103010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32021005, 31820103010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National First-Class Discipline Program of Food Science and Technology","award":["JUFSTR20180102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JUFSTR20180102"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JUSRP52003B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JUSRP52003B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015601","name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactobacillus acidophilus is a common kind of lactic acid bacteria usually found in the human gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, vagina, and various fermented foods. At present, many studies have focused on the probiotic function and industrial application of L. acidophilus. Additionally, dozens of L. acidophilus strains have been genome sequenced, but there has been no research to compare them at the genomic level. In this study, 46 strains of L. acidophilus were performed comparative analyses to explore their genetic diversity. The results showed that all the L. acidophilus strains were divided into two clusters based on ANI values, phylogenetic analysis and whole genome comparison, due to the difference of their predicted gene composition of bacteriocin operon, CRISPR-Cas systems and prophages mainly. Additionally, L. acidophilus was a pan-genome open species with a difference in carbohydrates utilization, antibiotic resistance, EPS operon, surface layer protein operon and other functional gene composition. This work provides a better understanding of L. acidophilus from a genetic perspective, and offers a frame for the biotechnological potentiality of this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:34:01Z","timestamp":1632263641000},"page":"1992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Comparative Genomics and Specific Functional Characteristics Analysis of Lactobacillus acidophilus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7204-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingya","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6724-7011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4876-8839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reynolds Paul","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9192-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1347-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vemuri, R., Gundamaraju, R., Shinde, T., Perera, A.P., Basheer, W., Southam, B., Gondalia, S.V., Karpe, A.V., Beale, D.J., and Tristram, S. (2019). Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 Modulates Intestinal-Specific Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acid and Immunological Profiles in Aging Mice. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061297"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201490296","article-title":"SIGNR3-dependent immune regulation by Lactobacillus acidophilus surface layer protein A in colitis","volume":"34","author":"Lightfoot","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0035","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus and Clostridium butyricum ameliorate colitis in murine by strengthening the gut barrier function and decreasing inflammatory factors","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-0877-z","article-title":"A novel purified Lactobacillus acidophilus 20079 exopolysaccharide, LA-EPS-20079, molecularly regulates both apoptotic and NF-kappa B inflammatory pathways in human colon cancer","volume":"17","author":"Yassin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56661-y","article-title":"Lysates of Lactobacillus acidophilus combined with CTLA-4-blocking antibodies enhance antitumor immunity in a mouse colon cancer model","volume":"9","author":"Zhuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00413.x","article-title":"Effects of seven potential probiotic strains on specific immune responses in healthy adults: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Paineau","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508003097","article-title":"Influence of a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and lactitol on healthy elderly: Intestinal and immune parameters","volume":"101","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7496","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02926-14","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 Prevents Atherosclerosis via Inhibition of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-5-31","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of live Lactobacillus acidophilus plus bifidobacterium bifidum in prophylaxis of diarrhea during radiotherapy in cervical cancer patients","volume":"5","author":"Chitapanarux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douillard, F.P., Ribbera, A., Kant, R., Pietila, T.E., Jarvinen, H.M., Messing, M., Randazzo, C.L., Paulin, L., Laine, P., and Ritari, J. (2013). Comparative genomic and functional analysis of 100 Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains and their comparison with strain GG. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003683"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smokvina, T., Wels, M., Polka, J., Chervaux, C., Brisse, S., Boekhorst, J., van Hylckama Vlieg, J.E., and Siezen, R.J. (2013). Lactobacillus paracasei comparative genomics: Towards species pan-genome definition and exploitation of diversity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068731"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18234","article-title":"Comparative genomics Lactobacillus reuteri from sourdough reveals adaptation of an intestinal symbiont to food fermentations","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.05.045","article-title":"Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis through surface layer protein of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC6074 reducing intestinal epithelial apoptosis","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2017.08.008","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Lactobacillus salivarius strains focusing on their host adaptation","volume":"205","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2020.103448","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Lactobacillus fermentum suggests a free-living lifestyle of this lactic acid bacterial species","volume":"89","author":"Verce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Y., Yang, B., Ross, P., Stanton, C., Zhang, H., Zhao, J., and Chen, W. (2020). Comparative Genomics Analysis of Lactobacillus mucosae from Different Niches. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11010095"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Yang, B., Ross, R.P., Stanton, C., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., and Chen, W. (2020). Comparative Genomics Analysis of Lactobacillus ruminis from Different Niches. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11010070"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8957","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1332765100","article-title":"Functional and comparative genomic analyses of an operon involved in fructooligosaccharide utilization by Lactobacillus acidophilus","volume":"100","author":"Barrangou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01393-06","article-title":"Similarity and differences in the Lactobacillus acidophilus group identified by polyphasic analysis and comparative genomics","volume":"189","author":"Berger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12137","article-title":"The core faecal bacterial microbiome of Irish Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"57","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-217X-1-18","article-title":"SOAPdenovo2: An empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler","volume":"1","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19126","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906412106","article-title":"Shifting the genomic gold standard for the prokaryotic species definition","volume":"106","author":"Richter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr655","article-title":"PGAP: Pan-genomes analysis pipeline","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00619-08","article-title":"The pangenome structure of Escherichia coli: Comparative genomic analysis of E. coli commensal and pathogenic isolates","volume":"190","author":"Rasko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2008.09.006","article-title":"Comparative genomics: The bacterial pan-genome","volume":"11","author":"Tettelin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu017","article-title":"PanGP: A tool for quickly analyzing bacterial pan-genome profile","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1224503","article-title":"OrthoMCL: Identification of ortholog groups for eukaryotic genomes","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelleher, P., Bottacini, F., Mahony, J., Kilcawley, K.N., and van Sinderen, D. (2017). Comparative and functional genomics of the Lactococcus lactis taxon; insights into evolution and niche adaptation. BMC Genom., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3650-5"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mailund, T., Brodal, G.S., Fagerberg, R., Pedersen, C.N.S., and Phillips, D. (2006). Recrafting the neighbor-joining method. BMC Bioinform., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-29"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W270","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz357","article-title":"Evolview v3: A webserver for visualization, annotation, and management of phylogenetic trees","volume":"47","author":"Subramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-402","article-title":"BLAST Ring Image Generator (BRIG): Simple prokaryote genome comparisons","volume":"12","author":"Alikhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.12.2607","article-title":"GeneMarkS: A self-training method for prediction of gene starts in microbial genomes. Implications for finding sequence motifs in regulatory regions","volume":"29","author":"Besemer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D490","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1178","article-title":"The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013","volume":"42","author":"Lombard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"D517","article-title":"CARD 2020: Antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"48","author":"Alcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-016-1217-5","article-title":"Functional and bioinformatics analysis of an exopolysaccharide-related gene (epsN) from Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3","volume":"198","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01278","article-title":"Comparative Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of the Vaginal Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1","volume":"9","author":"Petrova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W320","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku316","article-title":"Deciphering key features in protein structures with the new ENDscript server","volume":"42","author":"Robert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W278","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky383","article-title":"BAGEL4: A user-friendly webserver to thoroughly mine RiPPs and bacteriocins","volume":"46","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W246","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky425","article-title":"CRISPRCasFinder, an update of CRISRFinder, includes a portable version, enhanced performance and integrates search for Cas proteins","volume":"46","author":"Couvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W16","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw387","article-title":"PHASTER: A better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool","volume":"44","author":"Arndt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9","article-title":"High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Whitman, W.B., Rainey, F., K\u00e4mpfer, P., Trujillo, M., Chun, J., DeVos, P., Hedlund, B., Dedysh, S., and Nedashkovskaya, O. (2016). Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2005.09.006","article-title":"The microbial pan-genome","volume":"15","author":"Medini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100659","article-title":"Comparative genomic analyses of Lactobacillus rhamnosus isolated from Chinese subjects","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6527-y","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Lactobacillus gasseri from Chinese subjects reveals a new species-level taxa","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-5-r71","article-title":"Evolution of the core and pan-genome of Strepococcus: Positive selection, recombination, and genome composition","volume":"8","author":"Lefebure","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01974","article-title":"Identification and Classification for the Lactobacillus casei Group","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003619","article-title":"Lactobacillus pingfangensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus daoliensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus nangangensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus daowaiensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus dongliensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus songbeiensis sp. nov. and Lactobacillus kaifaensis sp. nov., isolated from traditional Chinese pickle","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003901","article-title":"Lactobacillus mulieris sp. nov., a new species of Lactobacillus delbrueckii group","volume":"70","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511287103","article-title":"Global analysis of carbohydrate utilization by Lactobacillus acidophilus using cDNA microarrays","volume":"103","author":"Barrangou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-032519-051708","article-title":"Functional Foods: Product Development, Technological Trends, Efficacy Testing, and Safety","volume":"11","author":"Granato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"620","article-title":"Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of various Lactobacillus acidophilus strains","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000100019","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Two Component Signal Transduction Systems of The Lactobacillus Acidophilus Group","volume":"42","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2014.987450","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and antibiotic susceptibility of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. intended for use as starter and probiotic cultures","volume":"29","author":"Georgieva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.08.024","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility of members of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group using broth microdilution and molecular identification of their resistance determinants","volume":"144","author":"Mayrhofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00565A","article-title":"Immunoregulatory effects on Caco-2 cells and mice of exopolysaccharides isolated from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307327101","article-title":"The genome sequence of the probiotic intestinal bacterium Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533","volume":"101","author":"Pridmore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01882","article-title":"Relationship Between Putative eps Genes and Production of Exopolysaccharide in Lactobacillus casei LC2W","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.6.1680-1690.1996","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the eps (Exopolysaccharide) gene cluster from Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi6","volume":"178","author":"Stingele","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.10.008","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of surface layer protein SlpA of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC 6074 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and DSS-induced mice colitis","volume":"51","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.041","article-title":"Surface-layer protein from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM attenuates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6786","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.24.6786-6795.2002","article-title":"Isolation of three new surface layer protein genes (slp) from Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 and characterization of the change in their expression under aerated and anaerobic conditions","volume":"184","author":"Messner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"749","article-title":"Assessment of Bile Salt Effects on S-Layer Production, slp Gene Expression and, Some Physicochemical Properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356","volume":"20","author":"Khaleghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-009-9009-8","article-title":"Expression of the Mucus Adhesion Gene Mub, Surface Layer Protein Slp and Adhesion-Like Factor EF-TU of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 Under Digestive Stress Conditions, as Monitored with Real-Time PCR","volume":"1","author":"Ramiah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1455790","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a source of novel antimicrobials","volume":"10","author":"Mayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.3.892-897.1996","article-title":"Isolation, partial characterization, and mode of action of acidocin J1132, a two-component bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132","volume":"62","author":"Tahara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.3.1061-1067.1995","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of acidocin a and cloning of the bacteriocin gene from lactobacillus-acidophilus","volume":"61","author":"Kanatani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alayande, K.A., Aiyegoro, O.A., and Ateba, C.N. (2020). Distribution of Important Probiotic Genes and Identification of the Biogenic Amines Produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus PNW3. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9121840"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107597","article-title":"A class III bacteriocin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity from Lactobacillus acidophilus NX2-6 and its preservation in milk and cheese","volume":"121","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1994.tb03057.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Lactobacilli-Preliminary Characterization and Optimization of Production of Acidocin-B, A Novel Bacteriocin Produced by Lactobacillus-Acidophilus-M46","volume":"77","author":"Tenbrink","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-7-1629","article-title":"Genetic-Analysis of Acidocin-B, A Novel Bacteriocin Produced by Lactobacillus Acidophilus","volume":"141","author":"Leer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02237.x","article-title":"Characterization and purification of acidocin CH5, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus CH5","volume":"96","author":"Chumchalova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1424-2","article-title":"DNA analysis of the genes encoding acidocin LF221 A and acidocin LF221 B, two bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus gasseri LF221","volume":"63","author":"Majhenic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.02.005","article-title":"Purification and characterisation of acidocin D20079, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 20079","volume":"117","author":"Deraz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-007-0206-8","article-title":"Mode of action of acidocin D20079, a bacteriocin produced by the potential probiotic strain, Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 20079","volume":"34","author":"Deraz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.5.2975-2984.2003","article-title":"Enterolysin A, a cell wall-degrading bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecalis LMG 2333","volume":"69","author":"Nilsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03226.x","article-title":"Mobile genetic elements and their contribution to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium","volume":"16","author":"Hegstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.01.007","article-title":"To acquire or resist: The complex biological effects of CRISPR-Cas systems","volume":"22","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/9\/1992\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:02:28Z","timestamp":1760166148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/9\/1992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9091992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9091992","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]}}}