{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:39:27Z","timestamp":1783042767917,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has become evident over the past several years that the intestinal microbial ecosystem plays a critical role in the development and prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and other metabolic disorders, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. The intestinal microbiota ecosystem functions as a major virtual endocrine organ that interacts and responds to molecules\u2019 signals within the host. Several meta-organismal pathways are involved in the gut\u2013host interaction, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Host phenotype and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) varying from hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity to more specific inflammatory processes, such as atherosclerosis and hypercoagulability, have shown to be affected by the gut\u2013host interaction. Additionally, several studies that involved animals and humans demonstrated a striking connection between the development of new CVDs and an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition along with the presence of their derived metabolites. Through this review article, we aim to evaluate the role of the normal gut microbiota ecosystem, its association with CVDs, effects of the therapies used to control and manage CVDs in the gut microbiota environment and explore potential therapeutic interventions to amplify disease outcomes in patients with CVDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:30:33Z","timestamp":1632443433000},"page":"2013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cardiovascular Health and The Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem: The Impact of Cardiovascular Therapies on The Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7205-7493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noora","family":"Alhajri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubiya","family":"Khursheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144403, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Taher","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tareq","family":"Abu Izneid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumaima","family":"Al-Kabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdia B.","family":"Al-Haidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Al-Hemeiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8950-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Alhashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2577-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faheem Hyder","family":"Pottoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.11.001","article-title":"Enhancing the potential preclinical and clinical benefits of quer-cetin through novel drug delivery systems","volume":"25","author":"Khursheed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. 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