{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:31:53Z","timestamp":1791919913093,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AI148679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI148679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a serious threat to human health, with few treatment options being available. New therapeutics are urgently needed to relieve the health and economic burdens presented by VRE. A potential target for new therapeutics is the VanRS two-component system, which regulates the expression of vancomycin resistance in VRE. VanS is a sensor histidine kinase that detects vancomycin and in turn activates VanR; VanR is a response regulator that, when activated, directs expression of vancomycin-resistance genes. This review of VanRS examines how the expression of vancomycin resistance is regulated, and provides an update on one of the field\u2019s most pressing questions: How does VanS sense vancomycin?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Regulation of Resistance in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: The VanRS Two-Component System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alexandra A.","family":"Guffey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5416-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Loll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1086\/491709","article-title":"Vancomycin: A history","volume":"42","author":"Levine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. 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