{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:42:26Z","timestamp":1791312146180,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium involved in the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Unexplained iron deficiency anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and vitamin B12 deficiency have also been related to H. pylori infection, whereas for other extra-gastric diseases, the debate is still open. In this review, we evaluate and discuss the potential involvement of H. pylori infection in the pathogenesis of several respiratory diseases. A MEDLINE search of all studies published in English from 1965 to 2021 was carried out. Controversial findings have been reported in patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, and sarcoidosis. Most of the available literature is concerned with case-control studies based on seroprevalence, with a small sample size and low consideration of confounders, which represents a potential issue. So far, there is no clear evidence of a causal association between H. pylori infection and respiratory diseases, and larger studies with appropriate epidemiological design are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"2033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Helicobacter pylori and Respiratory Diseases: 2021 Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2450-5911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Durazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, C.so A.M. Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Adriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, C.so A.M. Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza, C.so Bramante 88, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6070-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmila","family":"Fagoonee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-4143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio Maria","family":"Saracco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, C.so A.M. Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza, C.so Bramante 88, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3438-0649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinaldo","family":"Pellicano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza, C.so Bramante 88, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1001110","article-title":"Clinical practice. Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"362","author":"McColl","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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