{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:34:01Z","timestamp":1787495641401,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]],"date-time":"2021-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ambient air pollution exerts deleterious effects on our environment. Continuously exposed to the atmosphere, diverse communities of microorganisms thrive on leaf surfaces, the phylloplane. The composition of these communities is dynamic, responding to many environmental factors including ambient air pollution. In this field study, over a 2 year period, we sampled Hedera helix (ivy) leaves at six locations exposed to different ambient air pollution conditions. Daily, we monitored ambient black carbon (BC), PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone concentrations and found that ambient air pollution led to a 2\u20137-fold BC increase on leaves, the phylloplane BC load. Our results further indicated that the phylloplane BC load correlates with the diversity of bacterial and fungal leaf communities, impacting diversity more than seasonal effects. The bacterial genera Novosphingobium, Hymenobacter, and Methylorubrum, and the fungal genus Ampelomyces were indicators for communities exposed to the highest phylloplane BC load. Parallel to this, we present one fungal and two bacterial phylloplane strains isolated from an air-polluted environment able to degrade benzene, toluene, and\/or xylene, including a genomics-based description of the degradation pathways involved. The findings of this study suggest that ambient air pollution shapes microbial leaf communities, by affecting diversity and supporting members able to degrade airborne pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:23:55Z","timestamp":1633728235000},"page":"2088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ambient Air Pollution Shapes Bacterial and Fungal Ivy Leaf Communities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2931-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie","family":"Thijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7963-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Bongaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Nawrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Marchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Materials Research, Analytical and Circular Chemistry, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Van Hamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TRUGen Applied Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaco","family":"Vangronsveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie\u2013Sk\u0142odowska University, 20-400 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, October 02). 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