{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:47:09Z","timestamp":1789055229293,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["PRC 2004004."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRC 2004004."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ecological interactions between wild aquatic birds and outdoor-housed poultry can enhance spillover events of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) from wild reservoirs to domestic birds, thus increasing the related zoonotic risk to occupationally exposed workers. To assess serological evidence of AIV infection in workers operating in Northern Italy at the wildfowl\/poultry interface or directly exposed to wildfowl, serum samples were collected between April 2005 and November 2006 from 57 bird-exposed workers (BEWs) and from 7 unexposed controls (Cs), planning three sample collections from each individual. Concurrently, AIV surveillance of 3587 reared birds identified 4 AIVs belonging to H10N7, H4N6 and H2N2 subtypes while serological analysis by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay showed recent infections caused by H1, H2, H4, H6, H10, H11, H12, and H13 subtypes. Human sera were analyzed for specific antibodies against AIVs belonging to antigenic subtypes from H1 to H14 by using HI and virus microneutralization (MN) assays as a screening and a confirmatory test, respectively. Overall, antibodies specific to AIV-H3, AIV-H6, AIV-H8, and AIV-H9 were found in three poultry workers (PWs) and seropositivity to AIV-11, AIV-H13\u2014still detectable in October 2017\u2014in one wildlife professional (WP). Furthermore, seropositivity to AIV-H2, accounting for previous exposure to the \u201cextinct\u201d H2N2 human influenza viruses, was found in both BEWs and Cs groups. These data further emphasize the occupational risk posed by zoonotic AIV strains and show the possible occurrence of long-lived antibody-based immunity following AIV infections in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T23:05:47Z","timestamp":1634511947000},"page":"2153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Serologic Evidence of Occupational Exposure to Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wildfowl\/Poultry\/Human Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Maria Alessandra","family":"De Marco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia (BO), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Delogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife and Exotic Animal Service, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia (BO), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Facchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Di Trani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition, and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition, and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Cotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife and Exotic Animal Service, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia (BO), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9857-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Graziosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife and Exotic Animal Service, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia (BO), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health\u2012Ravenna, Department of Public Health, Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale della Romagna, 48124 Ravenna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Regazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Public Health\u2012Ravenna, Department of Public Health, Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale della Romagna, 48124 Ravenna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Ravaioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini (IZSLER), 48022 Lugo (RA), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Marzadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini (IZSLER), 48022 Lugo (RA), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3015-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Frasnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna B. 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