{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:18:19Z","timestamp":1779164299387,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is the causal agent of toxoplasmosis, which produces damage in the central nervous system (CNS). Toxoplasma\u2013CNS interaction is critical for the development of disease symptoms. T. gondii can form cysts in the CNS; however, neurons are more resistant to this infection than astrocytes. The probable mechanism for neuron resistance is a permanent state of neurons in the interface, avoiding the replication of intracellular parasites. Steroids regulate the formation of Toxoplasma cysts in mice brains. 17\u03b2-estradiol and progesterone also participate in the control of Toxoplasma infection in glial cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 17\u03b2-estradiol, progesterone, and their specific agonists\u2013antagonists on Toxoplasma infection in neurons in vitro. Neurons cultured were pretreated for 48 h with 17\u03b2-estradiol or progesterone at 10, 20, 40, 80, or 160 nM\/mL or tamoxifen 1 \u03bcM\/mL plus 17\u03b2-estradiol at 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 nM\/mL. In other conditions, the neurons were pretreated during 48 h with 4,4\u2032,4\u2033-(4-propyl-[1H] pyrozole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol or 23-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionitrile at 1 nM\/mL, and mifepristone 1 \u00b5M\/mL plus progesterone at 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 nM\/mL. Neurons were infected with 5000 tachyzoites of the T. gondii strain RH. The effect of 17\u03b2 estradiol, progesterone, their agonists, or antagonists on Toxoplasma infection in neurons was evaluated at 24 and 48 h by immunocytochemistry. T. gondii replication was measured with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. 17\u03b2-Estradiol alone or plus tamoxifen reduced infected neurons (50%) compared to the control at 48 h. Progesterone plus estradiol decreased the number of intracellular parasites at 48 h of treatment compared to the control (p &lt; 0.001). 4,4\u2032,4\u2033-(4-propyl-[1H] pyrozole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol and 23-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionitrile reduced infected neurons at 48 h of treatment significantly compared to the control (p &lt; 0.05 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). The Toxoplasma infection process was decreased by the effect of 17\u03b2-estradiol alone or combined with tamoxifen or progesterone in neurons in vitro. These results suggest the essential participation of progesterone and estradiol and their classical receptors in the regulation of T. gondii neuron infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T03:01:13Z","timestamp":1634698873000},"page":"2174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of 17\u03b2-Estradiol, Progesterone, and Tamoxifen on Neurons Infected with Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5581-4322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda de la Luz","family":"Galv\u00e1n Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith Marcela","family":"Due\u00f1as-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n Fernando","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n Carreras Agronegocios y Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de la Ci\u00e9nega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad, no.1115, col. Lindavista, Ocotl\u00e1n 47810, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Roc\u00edo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78267-6_16","article-title":"Transepithelial Migration by Toxoplasma","volume":"47","author":"Barragan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabral, C.M., Tuladhar, S., Dietrich, H.K., Nguyen, E., Macdonald, W.R., Trivedi, T., Devineni, A., and Koshy, A.A. (2016). 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