{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:49:45Z","timestamp":1781628585948,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006537","name":"Campus France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17MDU980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17MDU980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006537","name":"Campus France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["73-PROFAS B+."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["73-PROFAS B+."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Inserm","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widespread pathogen that could cause different illnesses in both human and animals. Presence of MRSA in animals raises concerns of their capacity to act as reservoirs, particularly in wild animals. This study aimed to characterize the resistance and virulence patterns of S.\u00a0aureus strains isolated from bat guano in Algeria. From March to May 2016, 98 bat guano samples from Aokas\u2019s cave (Bejaia, Algeria) were collected. Swabs were taken for microbiological studies. Isolates were identified by Vitek\u00ae MS system, and antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. The clonal origin, virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles of S. aureus isolates were characterized by whole genome sequencing. Eleven S.\u00a0aureus strains were obtained from the 98 guano samples. Seven isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested and four (36.3%) were resistant to penicillin G, cefoxitin and fusidic acid. The four MRSA isolates were assigned to the sequence type ST149 and related to spa type t010. These isolates harbored a SCCmecIV element and the fusidic acid resistance element Q6GD50 (fusC). They carried different virulence genes including several enterotoxins (sea, egc enterotoxin locus, sec, sel), and the toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst). Our results highlight that bat guano may constitute an important reservoir of MRSA strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:22:24Z","timestamp":1635805344000},"page":"2264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["First Report of CC5-MRSA-IV-SCCfus \u201cMaltese Clone\u201d in Bat Guano"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8092-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assia","family":"Mairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ecologie Microbienne, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria"},{"name":"Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infection, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U1047, University Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Touati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ecologie Microbienne, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2317-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alix","family":"Pantel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infection, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Montpellier, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 30029 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Yahiaoui Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infection, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Montpellier, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 30029 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mourad","family":"Ahmim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ecologie et d\u2019Environnement, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6463-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Sotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infection, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Montpellier, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 30029 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Dunyach-Remy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infection, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Montpellier, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 30029 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9484-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Lavigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infection, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Montpellier, N\u00eemes University Hospital, 30029 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02964","article-title":"Planning a One Health Case Study to Evaluate Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its economic burden in Portugal","volume":"9","author":"Igrejas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, D., Borges, A., and Sim\u00f5es, M. (2018). Staphylococcus aureus toxins and their molecular activity in infectious diseases. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060252"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.11.002","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals: Current overview","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00020-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00020-18","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular characterization, evolution, and epidemiology","volume":"31","author":"Lakhundi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"203","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An overview of basic and clinical research","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn405","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and animals: Zoonosis or humanosis?","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mairi, A., Touati, A., Pantel, A., Zenati, K., Yahiahoui-Martinez, A., Dunyach-Remy, C., Sotto, A., and Lavigne, J.P. (2019). Distribution of toxinogenic methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from different ecological niches in Algeria. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090500"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150048","article-title":"Bats and zoonotic viruses: Can we confidently link bats with emerging deadly viruses?","volume":"110","author":"Moratelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02532-x","article-title":"Auditory opportunity and visual constraint enabled the evolution of echolocation in bats","volume":"9","author":"Thiagavel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201366","article-title":"Conservation. Economic importance of bats in agriculture","volume":"332","author":"Boyles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1541","article-title":"Bartonella species in bats (Chiroptera) and bat flies (Nycteribiidae) from Nigeria, West Africa","volume":"14","author":"Kamani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16048","DOI":"10.1038\/cddiscovery.2016.48","article-title":"Bat-man disease transmission: Zoonotic pathogens from wildlife reservoirs to human populations","volume":"2","author":"Allocati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.04.004","article-title":"Neoricketssia risticii, Rickettsia sp. and Bartonella sp. in Tadatida brasiliensis bats from Buenos Aires, Argentina","volume":"52","author":"Cicuttin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietrich, M., M\u00fchldorfer, K., Tortosa, P., and Markotter, W. (2015). Leptospira and bats: Story of an emerging friendship. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005176"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akobi, B., Aboderin, O., Sasaki, T., and Shittu, A. (2012). Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from faecal samples of the Straw-Coloured Fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) in Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Nigeria. BMC Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-279"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1673","article-title":"Specific bacterial diversity in bats of different food guilds in Southern sierra Oaxaca, Mexico","volume":"62","author":"Galicia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.11.022","article-title":"Bats are reservoirs of Staphylococcus aureus complex in Gabon","volume":"47","author":"Held","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00162","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus complex in the straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) in Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Olatimehin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microb."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0121","article-title":"Diversity of staphylococcal species cultured from captive livingstone\u2019s fruit bats (Pteropus livingstonii) and their environment","volume":"50","author":"Fountain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104504","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus complex from fomites in Nigeria","volume":"85","author":"Shittu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1626","article-title":"Properties of bacterial microflora isolated from bat guano","volume":"63","author":"Konieczna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019, June 30). European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Available online: www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"84","article-title":"The prevalence of resistance to methicillin in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients by PCR method for detection of mecA and nuc genes","volume":"43","author":"Sahebnasagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D325","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki008","article-title":"VFDB: A reference database for bacterial virulence factors","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks261","article-title":"Identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes","volume":"67","author":"Zankari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","article-title":"ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"75","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e000056","article-title":"SNP-sites: Rapid efficient extraction of SNPs from multi-FASTA alignments","volume":"2","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4161\/fly.19695","article-title":"A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3","volume":"6","author":"Cingolani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fly"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alikhan, N.F., Petty, N.K., Ben Zakour, N.L., and Beatson, S.A. (2011). BLAST Ring Image Generator (BRIG): Simple prokaryote genome comparisons. BMC Genom., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-402"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00164-17","article-title":"Population dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis patients to determine transmission events by use of whole-genome sequencing","volume":"55","author":"Ankrum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00724-08","article-title":"Diversity of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec structures in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains among outpatients from four countries","volume":"53","author":"Barbier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6876","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16208","article-title":"Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST8 in raw milk and traditional dairy products in the Tizi Ouzou area of Algeria","volume":"102","author":"Titouche","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.08.003","article-title":"New host shift from human to cows within Staphylococcus aureus involved in bovine mastitis and nasal carriage of animal\u2019s caretakers","volume":"223","author":"Akkou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agabou, A., Ouchenane, Z., Ngba Essebe, C., Khemissi, S., Chehboub, M.T.E., Chehboub, I.B., Sotto, A., Dunyach-Remy, C., and Lavigne, J.P. (2017). Emergence of nasal carriage of ST80 and ST152 PVL+ Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Livestock in Algeria. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9100303"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achek, R., Hotzel, H., Nabi, I., Kechida, S., Mami, D., Didouh, N., Tomaso, H., Neubauer, H., Ehricht, R., and Monecke, S. (2020). Phenotypic and molecular detection of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different sources in Algeria. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020153"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-009-0834-1","article-title":"Characterisation of MRSA from Malta and the description of a Maltese epidemic MRSA strain","volume":"29","author":"Scicluna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2013.05.003","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of community carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Malta","volume":"3","author":"Scerri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0318","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with nasal colonization and environmental contamination in academic dental clinics","volume":"26","author":"Senok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, M.C., Joshi, P.R., Monecke, S., Ehricht, R., M\u00fcller, E., Gawlik, D., Diezel, C., Braun, S.D., Paudel, S., and Acharya, M. (2020). Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus in Nepalese primates: Resistance to antimicrobials, virulence, and genetic lineages. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9100689"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14301","article-title":"Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus clones in wild mammals in Aragon, Spain, with detection of MRSA ST130-mecC in wild rabbits","volume":"127","author":"Mama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.03.029","article-title":"High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying the mecC gene in a semi-extensive red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) farm in Southern Spain","volume":"177","author":"Lozano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv314","article-title":"Detection of MRSA ST3061-t843-mecC and ST398-t011-mecA in white stork nestlings exposed to human residues","volume":"71","author":"Lozano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mairi, A., Touati, A., and Lavigne, J.P. (2020). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST80 clone: A systematic review. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020119"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2009.07.017","article-title":"High prevalence of community- and hospital-acquired infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene in Algiers","volume":"58","author":"Antri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2339","article-title":"Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food products in Western Algeria","volume":"15","author":"Chaalal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0471","article-title":"Occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Bat Guano","volume":"25","author":"Touati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144176","article-title":"Urban wastewater as a conduit for pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria and genes encoding resistance to \u03b2-lactams and glycopeptides","volume":"765","author":"Makowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2020.019","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant staphylococci from the wastewater treatment plant and grey-water samples in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Adesoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.02.093","article-title":"Presence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in sewage treatment plant","volume":"240","author":"Boopathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2013.04.001","article-title":"Isolation and identification of gastrointestinal microbiota from the short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis brachyotis","volume":"168","author":"Daniel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9723","DOI":"10.11609\/jott.2576.9.1.9723-9733","article-title":"Current status, distribution and conservation status of Algerian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)","volume":"9","author":"Ahmim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Threat. Taxa"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.02.007","article-title":"The role of \u2018filth flies\u2019 in the spread of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"22","author":"Onwugamba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.03.017","article-title":"Antimicrobial overuse and misuse in the community in Greece and link to antimicrobial resistance using methicillin-resistant S. aureus as an example","volume":"12","author":"Karakonstantis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22067","article-title":"Drug-resistant human Staphylococcus aureus in sanctuary apes pose a threat to endangered wild ape populations","volume":"74","author":"Schaumburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5910","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01496-16","article-title":"Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus from humans to green monkeys in the Gambia as revealed by whole-genome sequencing","volume":"82","author":"Senghore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cl\u00e1udio, V.C., Gonzalez, I., Barbosa, G., Rocha, V., Moratelli, R., and Rassy, F. (2018). Bacteria richness and antibiotic-resistance in bats from a protected area in the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203411"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01544","article-title":"Prevalence of fosfomycin resistance and mutations in murA, glpT, and uhpT in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8110","DOI":"10.1021\/bi700625p","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of the genomically encoded fosfomycin resistance protein, FosX, from Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"46","author":"Fillgrove","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.7.1569","article-title":"Product of fosC, a gene from Pseudomonas syringae, mediates fosfomycin resistance by using ATP as cosubstrate","volume":"39","author":"Arca","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks319","article-title":"Prevalence of acquired fosfomycin resistance among extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in Korea and IS26-composite transposon surrounding fosA3","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/11\/2264\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:45Z","timestamp":1760167425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/9\/11\/2264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms9112264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9112264","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]}}}