{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:39:32Z","timestamp":1790419172561,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ricerca Corrente","award":["IZS VE 05\/12 R and IZS VE 07\/19RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZS VE 05\/12 R and IZS VE 07\/19RC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In animals, botulism is commonly sustained by botulinum neurotoxin C, D or their mosaic variants, which are produced by anaerobic bacteria included in Clostridium botulinum group III. In this study, a WGS has been applied to a large collection of C. botulinum group III field strains in order to expand the knowledge on these BoNT-producing Clostridia and to evaluate the potentiality of this method for epidemiological investigations. Sixty field strains were submitted to WGS, and the results were analyzed with respect to epidemiological information and compared to published sequences. The strains were isolated from biological or environmental samples collected in animal botulism outbreaks which occurred in Italy from 2007 to 2016. The new sequenced strains belonged to subspecific groups, some of which were already defined, while others were newly characterized, peculiar to Italian strains and contained genomic features not yet observed. This included, in particular, two new flicC types (VI and VII) and new plasmids which widen the known plasmidome of the species. The extensive genome exploration shown in this study improves the C. botulinum and related species classification scheme, enriching it with new strains of rare genotypes and permitting the highest grade of discrimination among strains for forensic and epidemiological applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"2347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Extensive Genome Exploration of Clostridium botulinum Group III Field Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5100-2573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Fillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Center, Scientific Department, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Center, Scientific Department, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Tonon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Microbiology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 31020 Villorba di Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilenia","family":"Drigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Microbiology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 31020 Villorba di Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Anselmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Center, Scientific Department, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Center, Scientific Department, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florigio","family":"Lista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Center, Scientific Department, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5034-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Microbiology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 31020 Villorba di Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-4-812","article-title":"The phylogeny of the genus Clostridium: Proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations","volume":"44","author":"Collins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. 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