{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:18:32Z","timestamp":1792300712625,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During pregnancy, there are several metabolic changes and an alteration in the composition of microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavity, with an increase in pathogenic bacteria that promote the onset of gingival diseases. This review is based on research in reference to the PICO model (Problem\/Intervention\/Comparison\/Outcome), related to changes in the oral microbiome of pregnant women and possible oral consequences in patients with COVID-19. The results showed a growth of some pathogenic bacteria in pregnant women, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and the selective growth of the Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella species, probably due to the fact that these bacteria use progesterone as a source of nutrition. These same bacteria are implicated in the development of periodontal disease. Periodontal pockets have bidirectional interactions between the oral cavity and the systemic circulatory system through the peripheral gingival blood vessels. The affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to specific membrane receptors is now clear, and could involve the internal and external epithelial lining or the fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament. According to the results of the present review, the control of oral microbiome changes during pregnancy would be welcomed. The use of probiotics could help clinicians manage pregnant patients, reducing inflammatory indexes. Future studies should focus not only on changes in the level of the oral microbiome in pregnancy or the correlation between periodontal disease and COVID-19, but also on oral changes induced by both clinical situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T02:43:09Z","timestamp":1637289789000},"page":"2385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Assessment of Oral Microbiome Changes in Healthy and COVID-19-Affected Pregnant Women: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Butera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dental Hygiene, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Maiorani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalaura","family":"Morandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Simonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Colnaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Morittu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Guerrisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Piloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Cimarossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Sinesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambra","family":"Bruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Member Association: \u201cMamme & Igieniste\u201d, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2760-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Scribante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy: The Influence of General Factors and Inflammatory Mediators","volume":"17","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. 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