{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:39:31Z","timestamp":1792010371768,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan parasitic protist, which infects a wide range of hosts, causing cryptosporidiosis disease. In farms, the incidence of this disease is high in animals such as cows, leading to extensive economic loss in the livestock industry. Infected cows may also act as a major reservoir of Cryptosporidium spp., in particular C. parvum, the most common cause of cryptosporidiosis in these animals. This poses a risk to the trading of livestock, to other farms via breeding centres, and to human health. This study is a part of a global project aimed at strategies to tackle cryptosporidiosis. To reach this target, it was essential to determine whether prevalence was dependent on the studied countries or if the issue was borderless. Indeed, C. parvum occurrence was assessed across dairy farms in certain regions of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. At the same time, the animal-to-animal transmission of the circulating C. parvum subtypes was studied. To accomplish this, we analysed 1084 faecal samples, corresponding to 57 dairy farms from all three countries. To this end, 18S rRNA and gp60 genes fragments were amplified, followed by DNA sequencing, which was subsequently used for detection and subtyping C. parvum. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic methods were integrated to analyse and characterise the obtained DNA sequences. Our results show 25.7%, 24.9% and 20.8% prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands respectively. Overall, 93% of the farms were Cryptosporidium positive. The gp60 subtyping demonstrated a significant number of the C. parvum positives belonged to the IIa allelic family, which has been also identified in humans. Therefore, this study highlights how prevalent C. parvum is in dairy farms and further suggests cattle as a possible carrier of zoonotic C. parvum subtypes, which could pose a threat to human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"2394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia A.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumaiya","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ourida","family":"Hammouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR-Transfrontali\u00e8re 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, University of Lille, University of Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, ULCO, University of Artois, INRAE, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Leruste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junia, Comportement Animal et Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019Elevage, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9504-0168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"D\u00e9trich\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille, Institut Mines-T\u00e9l\u00e9com, University of Artois, Junia, ULR 4515\u2014LGCgE, Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Civil et G\u00e9o-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6540-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evi","family":"Canniere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inagro vzw, Ieperseweg 87, 8800 Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Daandels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223 DE\u2019s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Dellevoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223 DE\u2019s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Roemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223 DE\u2019s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Barbier Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Selas, 31 Rue de la R\u00e9publique, 59496 Salome, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kv\u00e1\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, 37005 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, 37005 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Follet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, University Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520 IEMN Institut d\u2019Electronique de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F 59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5424-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios 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