{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:08:20Z","timestamp":1793660900984,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["III 41019; 451-03-9\/2021-14\/200015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["III 41019; 451-03-9\/2021-14\/200015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Europe, Toxoplasma gondii lineage II is dominant, and ToxoDB#1 the most frequently occurring genotype. The abundance of lineage III genotypes varies geographically and lineage I are rare, yet present in several regions of the continent. Data on the T. gondii population structure in southeastern Europe (SEE) are scarce, yet necessary to appreciate the diversity of the species in Europe. To help fill this gap, we genotyped 67 strains from nine species of intermediate hosts in Serbia by MnPCR-RFLP, determined the population structure, and identified the genotypes using ToxoDB. A neighbor-joining tree was also constructed from the isolates genotyped on nine loci. While 42% of the total genotype population consisted of ToxoDB#1 and ToxoDB#2, variant genotypes of both lineages comprised 46% of the population in wildlife and 28% in domestic animals and humans. One genotype of Africa 4 lineage was detected in a human sample. Interestingly, the findings include one lineage III variant and one II\/III recombinant isolate with intercontinental distribution, which appear to be moderately related to South American genotypes. Based on these findings, SEE is a region of underappreciated T. gondii genetic diversity and possible strain exchange between Europe and Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T02:48:13Z","timestamp":1638845293000},"page":"2526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii Genotypes Circulating in Serbia\u2014Insight into the Population Structure and Diversity of the Species in Southeastern Europe, a Region of Intercontinental Strain Exchange"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1424-0123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Uzelac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7976-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Klun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3514-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"\u0106irkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Bauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branko","family":"Bobi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tijana","family":"\u0160tajner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Srbljanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivera","family":"Lijeski\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7521-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olgica","family":"Djurkovi\u0107-Djakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and World Health Organization (WHO) (2014). 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