{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:42:44Z","timestamp":1790019764498,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibacterial resistance is one of the 2019 World Health Organization\u2019s top ten threats to public health worldwide. Hence, the emergence of \u03b2-lactam and colistin resistance among Gram-negative bacteria has become a serious concern. The reservoirs for such bacteria are increasing not only in hospital settings but in several other sources, including vegetables and fruit. In recent years, fresh produce gained important attention due to its consumption in healthy diets combined with a low energy density. However, since fresh produce is often consumed raw, it may also be a source of foodborne disease and a reservoir for antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria including those producing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase, cephalosporinase and carbapenemase enzymes, as well as those harboring the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr) gene. This review aims to provide an overview of the currently available scientific literature on the presence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases, cephalosporinase, carbapenemase and mcr genes in Gram-negative bacteria in vegetables and fruit with a focus on the possible contamination pathways in fresh produce.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T23:30:00Z","timestamp":1639006200000},"page":"2534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Vegetables and Fruit as a Reservoir of \u03b2-Lactam and Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Widad","family":"Chelaghma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Agroalimentaire au Biom\u00e9dical et \u00e0 l\u2019Environnement, D\u00e9partement de Biologie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, des Sciences de la Terre et l\u2019Univers, Universit\u00e9 Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5246-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotfi","family":"Loucif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Mol\u00e9cules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 de Batna 2, Batna 05000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7192-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mourad","family":"Bendahou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Agroalimentaire au Biom\u00e9dical et \u00e0 l\u2019Environnement, D\u00e9partement de Biologie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, des Sciences de la Terre et l\u2019Univers, Universit\u00e9 Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Rolain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbes, Evolution, Phylog\u00e9nie et Infection (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13000 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 13000 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2019.05.013","article-title":"Variation of microbial load and biochemical activity of ready-to-eat salads in Cyprus as affected by vegetable type, season, and producer","volume":"83","author":"Xylia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2501","article-title":"Unraveling the role of vegetables in spreading antimicrobial-resistant bacteria: A need for quantitative risk assessment","volume":"15","author":"Holzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. 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