{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:50:06Z","timestamp":1775843406649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42321001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42321001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202405AF140108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202405AF140108"]}]},{"name":"Expert Workstation, Geological Team 308, Yunnan Bureau of Nonferrous Geology, Kunming","award":["42321001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42321001"]}]},{"name":"Expert Workstation, Geological Team 308, Yunnan Bureau of Nonferrous Geology, Kunming","award":["202405AF140108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202405AF140108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Nanwenhe tungsten deposit is located in the southeastern Yunnan Laojunshan mineral district and is hosted in the Paleoproterozoic Mengsong Group strata. It can be divided into two periods and four stages: skarn (early and late) and the vein type (feldspar\u2013quartz\u2013scheelite\u2013tourmaline and calcite. There are two types of scheelite occurrences: one in skarn (Sch-1) and the other in feldspar\u2013quartz\u2013scheelite\u2013tourmaline veins (Sch-2). The latter is further divided into two types: Sch-2a and Sch-2b. The REE content and Eu anomaly of skarn scheelite (Sch-1) are affected by early mineral crystallization; Sch-2a in feldspar\u2013quartz\u2013scheelite\u2013tourmaline veins forms in a Na+-rich environment, and Eu2+ released into the fluid through hydrolysis may have largely entered tourmaline, resulting in the weak positive Eu anomaly of Sch-2a; the negative Eu anomaly of Sch-2b is likely inherited from the metamorphic fluid. The mineralization is likely closely related to the metamorphic fluid activity generated by the tensional structural environment at the end and after the regional uplift, forming ore by reducing fluids associated with regional metamorphism. The Laojunshan mineral district hosts several tungsten and tin polymetallic deposits and occurrences that share similar geological characteristics with the Nanwenhe tungsten deposit. No granite bodies related to mineralization have been identified within the mining area. Therefore, research on the genesis of the Nanwenhe tungsten deposit holds significant value for guiding exploration efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min15080875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T08:40:48Z","timestamp":1755765648000},"page":"875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Geochemistry and Genetic Significance of Scheelite in the Nanwenhe Tungsten Deposit, Yunnan Province, Southwestern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6596-0785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Strategic Mineral Resources, School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shao-Yong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Strategic Mineral Resources, School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Expert Workstation, Geological Team 308, Yunnan Bureau of Nonferrous Geology, Kunming 650214, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Strategic Mineral Resources, School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0267-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Ying","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Strategic Mineral Resources, School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shugang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Workstation, Geological Team 308, Yunnan Bureau of Nonferrous Geology, Kunming 650214, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey (2022). U.S. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3730","article-title":"Spatiotemporal distribution, geological characteristics and metallogenic mechanism of tungsten and tin deposits in China: An overview","volume":"65","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Outline of metallogeny of tungsten deposits in China","volume":"89","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2023.101536","article-title":"Multi-stage metallogeny in the southwestern part of South China, and paleotectonic and climatic implications: A high precision geochronologic study","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(00)00085-8","article-title":"Long and complex thermal history of the Song Chay metamorphic dome (Northern Vietnam) by multi-system geochronology","volume":"321","author":"Roger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2017.12.020","article-title":"A genetic link between Late Cretaceous granitic Magmatism and Sn mineralization in the southwestern South China Block: A case study of the Dulong Sn-dominant polymetallic deposit","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2014.12.012","article-title":"Zircon U-Pb ages and Hf-O isotopes, and whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopes of the Bozhushan granite, Yunnan province, SW China: Constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic setting","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2017.11.033","article-title":"Genesis of the Gaosong Sn-Cu deposit, Gejiu district, SW China: Constraints from in situ LA-ICP-MS cassiterite U-Pb dating and trace element fingerprinting","volume":"92","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2021.120698","article-title":"Chemical and boron isotopic variations of tourmaline deciphering magmatic-hydrothermal evolution at the Gejiu Sn-polymetallic district. South China","volume":"593","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2020.01.007","article-title":"The giant tin polymetallic mineralization in southwest China: Integrated geochemical and isotopic constraints and implications for Cretaceous tectonomagmatic event","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2015.01.004","article-title":"Late Cretaceous granites from the giant Dulong Sn-polymetallic ore district in Yunnan Province, South China: Geochronology, geochemistry, mineral chemistry and Nd\u2013Hf isotopic compositions","volume":"218\u2013219","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2021.104354","article-title":"Genesis and geodynamic setting of the Nanyangtian tungsten deposit, SW China: Constraints from structural deformation, geochronology, and S-O isotope data","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2022.106609","article-title":"Magmatic-hydrothermal processes of the Laojunshan metamorphic massif in Southeastern Asia: Evidence from chemical and B-isotopic variations of deformed tourmalines","volume":"412\u2013413","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2343\/geochemj.2.0326","article-title":"Caledonian ore-forming event in the Laojunshan mining district, SE Yunnan Province, China: In situ LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb dating on Cassiterite","volume":"49","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geochem. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"91+93","article-title":"Geological characteristics and prospecting direction of wenhe area in south malipo","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Nonferrous Met."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2008.08.004","article-title":"In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard","volume":"257","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2015.09.004","article-title":"Scheelite, apatite, calcite and tourmaline compositions from the late Archean Hutti orogenic gold deposit: Implications for analogous two stage ore Fluids","volume":"72","author":"Hazarika","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2023.105525","article-title":"Geochemistry of scheelite from Jiangligou skarn W-(Cu-Mo) deposit in the West Qinling orogenic belt, Northwest China: Implication on the multistage ore-forming processes","volume":"159","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Peng, N.J. (2020). Fluid Evolution and Genetic Mechanisms for the Giant Dahutang Tungsten Deposit in Northern Jiangxi Province, South China. [Ph.D. Dissertation, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.18654\/1000-0569\/2021.03.05","article-title":"In-situ U-Pb geochronology and trace element analysis for the scheelite and apatite from the deep seated stratiform-like W(Cu) ore of the Zhuxi tungsten deposit, northeastern Jiangxi Province","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Petrol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Niu, H.B. (2021). The Ore-forming Fluid and Metallogenesis of W-Snpolymetallic deposits in the Nanwenhe-Song Chay Dome Areas, Southestern Yunnan Province. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2022.104729","article-title":"Garnet and scheelite chemistry of the Weijia tungsten deposit, South China: Implications for fluid evolution and W skarn mineralization in F-rich ore System","volume":"142","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2024.06.002","article-title":"In situ U-Pb dating of garnet, vesuvianite, and scheelite from the Nanyangtian tungsten deposit reveals an Early Cretaceous W mineralization event in Southeast Yunnan, China","volume":"133","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"581","article-title":"The genesis of the Nanwenhe tungsten deposit in Malipo, Yunnan: Constrained by skarn chronology","volume":"33","author":"Di","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Mineral. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1134\/S1028334X19100283","article-title":"Thermochronology of the Cordilleran-type metamorphic core complex: The example of the Song Chay Massif, Northern Vietnam","volume":"488","author":"Vladimirov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dokl. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Shi, H.Z. (2011). Strata-Bound Scheelite Deposit Geology Geochemistry and Genesis, Malipo, Yunnan Province. [Master Dissertation, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1029\/95RG00262","article-title":"The geochemical evolution of the continental crust","volume":"33","author":"Taylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Composition of the Continental Crust","volume":"3","author":"Rudnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Treatise Geochem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"939","article-title":"Geochemical research on tungsten-containing construction in South China","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sci. Sin. (Chim.)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(64)90129-2","article-title":"Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: A new table","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"1964","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"559","article-title":"W-Sn skarn deposits and related metamorphic skarns and granitoids","volume":"52","author":"Kwak","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2017.01.011","article-title":"Metasomatic changes during periodic fluid flux recorded in grandite garnet from the Weondong W-skarn deposit, South Korea","volume":"451","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.95.1.143","article-title":"The hydrothermal geochemistry of tungsten in granitoid environments: I. relative solubilities of ferberite and scheelite as a function of T, P, pH, and MNaCl","volume":"95","author":"Wood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2013.76.4","article-title":"Mineral solubility and aqueous speciation under hydrothermal conditions to 300 \u00b0C\u2014The carbonate system as an example","volume":"76","author":"Gautier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2019.09.013","article-title":"An experimental study of the solubility and speciation of tungsten in NaCl-bearing aqueous solutions at 250, 300, and 350 \u00b0C","volume":"265","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geochim. Et Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"579","article-title":"Fluid-rock interaction is decisive for the formation of tungsten deposits","volume":"45","author":"Vieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s001260050123","article-title":"Fluid inclusion study of the Ballinglen W-Sn-sulphide mineralization, SE Ireland","volume":"32","author":"Gallagher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Miner. Depos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2019.119299","article-title":"In situ Raman spectroscopic investigation of the hydrothermal speciation of tungsten: Implications for the ore-forming Process","volume":"532","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-020-1283-0","article-title":"Fluid evolution and scheelite precipitation mechanism of the large-scale Shangfang quartz-vein-type tungsten deposit, South China: Constraints from rare earth element (REE) behaviour during fluid\/rock interaction","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einaudi, M.T., Meinert, L.D., and Newberry, R.J. (1981). Skarn deposits. Econ. Geol., 317\u2013391.","DOI":"10.5382\/AV75.11"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.5382\/econgeo.4791","article-title":"The Watershed tungsten deposit, Northeast Queensland, Australia: Permian metamorphic tungsten mineralization overprinting Carboniferous magmatic tungsten","volume":"116","author":"Poblete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"79","article-title":"Geodynamic setting of Late Cretaceous Sn\u2013W mineralization in southeastern Yunnan and northeastern Vietnam","volume":"1","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solid Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103405","article-title":"Multi-stage tectonics and metallogeny associated with Phanerozoic evolution of the South China Block: A holistic perspective from the Youjiang Basin","volume":"211","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"234","article-title":"Deformation record of the change from Indosinian Collision-related tectonic system to Yanshanian subduction-related tectonic system in South China during the Early Mesozoic","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Front."}],"container-title":["Minerals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/15\/8\/875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:31:39Z","timestamp":1760034699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/15\/8\/875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["min15080875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min15080875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-163X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-163X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]}}}