{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:55:09Z","timestamp":1790672109448,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]],"date-time":"2009-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial activities of the crude ethanolic extracts of five plants were screened against multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans. ATCCstrains of Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, Pseudimonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were also tested. The strains that showed resistance against the maximum number of antibiotics tested were selected for an antibacterial assay. The MDR strains were sensitive to the antimicrobial activity of Acacia nilotica, Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamum zeylanicum, whereas they exhibited strong resistance to the extracts of Terminalia arjuna and Eucalyptus globulus. Community-acquired infections showed higher sensitivity than the nosocomial infections against these extracts. The most potent antimicrobial plant was A. nilotica (MIC range 9.75-313\u00b5g\/ml), whereas other crude plant extracts studied in this report were found to exhibit higher MIC values than A. nilotica against community acquired as well as nosocomial infection. This study concludes that A. nilotica, C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum can be used against multidrug resistant microbes causing nosocomial and community acquired infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14020586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]],"date-time":"2009-02-04T09:11:33Z","timestamp":1233738693000},"page":"586-597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":261,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Five Herbal Extracts Against Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Strains of Bacteria and Fungus of Clinical Origin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rosina","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, J N Medical College and Hospital, AMU, Aligarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barira","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazi","family":"Shakil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anis Ahmad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Manazir","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, J N Medical College and Hospital, AMU, Aligarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashiatullah","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, J N Medical College and Hospital, AMU, Aligarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asad U.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10495390600957092","article-title":"Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"17","author":"Harbottle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"598","article-title":"Plasmid Mediated Multiple Antibiotic Resistances in Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Mont."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-6-4","article-title":"Etiology and Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Community Acquired Urinary Infections in J N M C Hospital Aligarh India","volume":"6","author":"Akram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600561809","article-title":"Nosocomial Infection in Newborns by Pichia anomala in a Brazilian Intensive Care Unit","volume":"44","author":"Paula","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1086\/313450","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Candidemia in Two United States Cities: Results of a Population Based Active Surveillance","volume":"29","author":"Kao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd940","article-title":"The future challenges facing the developement of new antimicrobial drugs","volume":"1","author":"Coates","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1139\/w05-022","article-title":"Synergic interaction between pomegranate extracts and antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"51","author":"Braga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kafaru, E. (1994). Essential Pharmacology, Elizabeth Kafaru Publishers. [1st Ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000400007","article-title":"Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases","volume":"101","author":"Betoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1206-1504","article-title":"Prospects of plant derived antibacterials","volume":"24","author":"Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"53","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil from Dracocephalum foetidum Against Pathogenic Microorganisms","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.06.007","article-title":"Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Iran","volume":"94","author":"Bonjar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, B., Khan, S.N., Haque, I., Alam, M., Mushfiq, M., and Khan, A.U. (2008). Novel Anti-adherence Activity of Mulberry Leaves: Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by 1-Deoxynojirimycin Isolated from Morus alba. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., (in press).","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn253"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.09.035","article-title":"Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of Some Herbal Remedies from Tanzania","volume":"96","author":"Kool","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(94)90096-5","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts Used Externally in Traditional Medicine","volume":"44","author":"Brantner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00146-0","article-title":"In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol and Water Extracts of Cassia alata","volume":"84","author":"Somchit","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1021\/np020566w","article-title":"Bioactive Constituents from Three Vismia Species","volume":"66","author":"Hussein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000500022","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil","volume":"94","author":"Nakamura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"35","article-title":"Controle Microbiogico De Productous Fitoterapicos","volume":"31","author":"Santos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Farm Bioquim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.24625","article-title":"Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Against Certain Pathogenic Bacterial Strains","volume":"38","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01825.x","article-title":"Activity and Mechanism of Action of Selected Biocidal Agents on Gram -positive and -negative Bacteria","volume":"94","author":"Walsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000300011","article-title":"Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Brazilian Plant Extracts Clusiaceae","volume":"101","author":"Suffredini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.5.816","article-title":"Community Acquired Versus Nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia: Clinical Features, Treatment Outcomes and Clinical Implications of Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"21","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Kor. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"344","article-title":"In vitro effect of Egyptian tannin-containing plants and their extracts on the survival of pathogenic bacteria","volume":"102","author":"Sotohy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"627","article-title":"Anticancer and Antimutagenic Properties of Acacia nilotica (Linn) on 7, 12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss Albino Mice","volume":"7","author":"Meena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(199909)13:6<474::AID-PTR482>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Antiplasmodial Activity of Selected Sudanese Medicinal Plants with Emphasis on Acacia nilotica","volume":"13","author":"Satti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00121-6","article-title":"Antipyretic Activity of Cinnamyl Derivatives and Related Compunds in Influenza Virus-infected Mice","volume":"348","author":"Kurokawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.1021\/jf050709v","article-title":"Solid and Vapor Phase Antimicrobial Activities of Six Essential Oils: Susceptibility of Selected Food Borne Bacterial and Fungal Strains","volume":"53","author":"Lopez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-6-39","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils","volume":"6","author":"Prabuseenivasan","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Comp. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"217","article-title":"Antifungal Treatment with Carvacrol and Eugenol of Oral Candidiasis in Immunosuppressed Rats","volume":"8","author":"Chamin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.005","article-title":"Ability of Eugenol to Reduce Tongue Edema Induced by Dieffenbachia Picta Schott in Mice","volume":"43","author":"Dip","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.07.013","article-title":"Role of Chemopreventive Agents in Cancer Therapy","volume":"215","author":"Dorai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"238","article-title":"Anti-oxidant Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Bark and Greater Cardamom (Amomum subulatum) Seeds in Rats Fed High Fat Diet","volume":"37","author":"Dhuley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.07.010","article-title":"Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils and Their Constituents from Indigenous Cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) Leaves Against Wood Decay Fungi","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1522","article-title":"Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi","volume":"18","author":"Rani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"422","article-title":"Botanical Influences on Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1126\/science.229.4718.1036.b","article-title":"Medicinal Plants","volume":"229","author":"Duke","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)01078-9","article-title":"A Tannin, Anti-cancer Promoter from Terminalia arjuna","volume":"47","author":"Kandil","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"478","article-title":"Antimutagenic Potential of Ellagic Acid from Terminalia arjuna","volume":"35","author":"Kaur","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"231","article-title":"Antioxidant and Hypocholesterolaemic Effects of Terminalia arjuna Tree-bark Powder: a Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial","volume":"49","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Assn. Phys. India"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)79578-5","article-title":"Macrocarpals: HIV-RTase Inhibitors of Eucalyptus globules","volume":"33","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.56.1570","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Macrocarpals B--G Antibacterial Compounds from Eucalyptus macrocarpa","volume":"56","author":"Yamakoshi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotech. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410701592745","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of globulol isolated from the fruits of eucalyptus globulus Labill","volume":"22","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"183","article-title":"Antibacterial Properties of Some Nigerian Species","volume":"13","author":"Aboaba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bio. Res. Comm."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"13","article-title":"In vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida","volume":"102","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2000). National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. NCCLS Document M2-A7."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"183","article-title":"Screening of Antibacterial Activity Extracts Obtained from Plants Native to Brazilian Amazon Rain Forest","volume":"62","author":"Suffredini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Ethnopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/14\/2\/586\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:09:47Z","timestamp":1760220587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/14\/2\/586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["14020586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules14020586","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]]}}}