{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:06:33Z","timestamp":1791266793550,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,10]],"date-time":"2010-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1281398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The seasonal variation of the chemical composition of the essential oil from fresh leaves of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd grown in southern Brazil was analyzed by GC-MS, and the analgesic and antimicrobial activities of this oil were assayed. The yield of essential oil ranged from 0.17% to 0.26%, with the maximum amount in winter and the minimum in spring. The results obtained from principal components analysis (PCA) revealed the existence of high chemical variability in the different seasons. The samples were clearly discriminated into three groups: winter, autumn, and spring-summer. Samples collected during winter contained the highest percentages of calyculone (24.70%), abietadiene (13.54%), and viridiflorol (4.20%). In autumn, the major constituents were ledol (8.74%) and cis-muurolol-5-en-4-\u03b1-ol (13.78%). Samples collected in spring-summer contained the highest percentages of fenchone (12.67%), 14-hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene (24.36%), and \u03b1-cadinol (8.33%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were predominant in all the samples analyzed. The observed chemovariation might be environmentally determined by a seasonal influence. The essential oil, when given orally at a dose of 200 mg\/kg, exhibited good analgesic activity on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, inhibiting the constrictions by 38.94% to 46.13%, and this effect was not affected by seasonal variation. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against the bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, and Enterobacter cloacae, and the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans was assessed by the disc diffusion method and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration. The results obtained, followed by measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), indicated that S. aureus, B. subtilis, and Candida albicans were the most sensitive microorganisms, showing largest inhibition, and the lowest MIC values varied from 15.6 to 31.2 \u00b5g\/mL, 7.8 to 15.6 \u00b5g\/mL, and 31.2 to 62.5 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15085509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,10]],"date-time":"2010-08-10T11:31:12Z","timestamp":1281439872000},"page":"5509-5524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Seasonal Variation, Chemical Composition, and Analgesic and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd in Southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zilda Cristiani","family":"Gazim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina L.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria C.","family":"Hovell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Moraes","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izalina Ansilieiro","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Paranaense, Unipar, Umuarama, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto Alves","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Paranaense, Unipar, Umuarama, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di\u00f3genes Apar\u00edcio Garcia","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maring\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2008.04.002","article-title":"An investigation of the foliar trichomes of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) 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