{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:33:06Z","timestamp":1790937186151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,30]],"date-time":"2010-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent of known toxins and are listed as category A biothreat agents by the U.S. CDC. The BoNT-mediated proteolysis of SNARE proteins inhibits the exocytosis of acetylcholine into neuromuscular junctions, leading to life-threatening flaccid paralysis. Currently, the only therapy for BoNT intoxication (which results in the disease state botulism) includes experimental preventative antibodies and long-term supportive care. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and develop inhibitors that will serve as both prophylactic agents and post-exposure \u2018rescue\u2019 therapeutics. This review focuses on recent progress to discover and develop small molecule inhibitors as therapeutic countermeasures for BoNT intoxication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16010202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,30]],"date-time":"2010-12-30T10:33:15Z","timestamp":1293705195000},"page":"202-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Small Molecule Inhibitors as Countermeasures for Botulinum Neurotoxin Intoxication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norton P.","family":"Peet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Target, Structure-Based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald T.","family":"Moir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry L.","family":"Bowlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.8.1059","article-title":"Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management","volume":"285","author":"Arnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.903","article-title":"Therapy and prophylaxis of inhaled biological toxins","volume":"23","author":"Paddle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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