{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:52:59Z","timestamp":1791395579913,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,25]],"date-time":"2011-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1295913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microglial cells play a dual role in the central nervous system as they have both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. Uncontrolled and excessive activation of microglia often contributes to inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration. Recently, much attention has been paid to therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting neurotoxic microglial activation. Pharmacological inhibitors of microglial activation are emerging as a result of such endeavors. In this review, natural products-based inhibitors of microglial activation will be reviewed. Potential neuroprotective activity of these compounds will also be discussed. Future works should focus on the discovery of novel drug targets that specifically mediate microglial neurotoxicity rather than neuroprotection. Development of new drugs based on these targets may require a better understanding of microglial biology and neuroinflammation at the molecular, cellular, and systems levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16021021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,25]],"date-time":"2011-01-25T11:57:50Z","timestamp":1295956670000},"page":"1021-1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Inhibitors of Microglial Neurotoxicity: Focus on Natural Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7041-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Kug","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushruta","family":"Koppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoungho","family":"Suk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, CMRI, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91004-X","article-title":"Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death","volume":"587","author":"Boje","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1995.1033","article-title":"Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergistically mediate neurotoxicity: involvement of nitric oxide and of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors","volume":"9","author":"Chao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Behav. 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